The American spaceport and the power of cultural imaginaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Nesbit
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Constructed Environment

Cape Canaveral, the site of the American space programme launch complex located on the coast of Central Florida, has both a deep history in technological innovation and has been the place for architecturally imagining the new frontier of civilization. The range and trajectory of this new extraterrestrial frontier today resides within this once remote wilderness at the ends of architecture – both at the ends of a disciplinary formation and the physical site that enables the departure from Earth. Cultural imaginaries, collective forms created by culture, such as images relating to the assumed efficiencies of space exploration, construct a political desire for departing the Earth, yet rely heavily on architectural and infrastructural devices that are soon left abandoned on our terrestrial surface. This article moves from the geographic space of the late nineteenth century to the celebrated technological objects of NASA’s Apollo 11 programme for reaching the moon. By tracking the range, escape and return of the Apollo programmes’ constructed environment, the American spaceport reveals an invisible wilderness as an architectural aesthetic formed out of the cultural imagination in the early twenty-first century.

scholarly journals La Educación en Colombia: Arquetipo de Correspondencia con la Economía Global y de Mercado / Education in Colombia: Archetype Correspondence with the Global Economy and Market

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Luis Manuel Marrugo Fruto
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The Individual

Se busca dilucidar los principales hitos históricos de la educación colombiana en relación con las políticas de la economía global y de mercado, entre finales del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XXI. Se mostrarán limitaciones y problemáticas heredadas por el sistema educativo en su propósito de funcionar como empresa, bajo las leyes de oferta y demanda, es decir, un sistema educativo con la convicción de formar un perfil de individuo y de sociedad como mano de obra, dócil, obediente y con competencias de calidad para el mercado laboral de lossistema – mundo postmodernos, en desmedro de una educación humanizada.Metodológicamente es producto de una revisión de tema. Como principal resultado se muestra la tendencia desde los inicios de la educación colombiana a corresponderse con el mercado laboral. Abstract.It seeks to elucidate the main historical landmarks of Colombian education in relation to the policies of the global economy and market, between the late nineteenth century and early twenty-first century.  Limitations and problems inherited by the educational system in order to operate as a company under the laws of supply and demand, a docile educational system with the conviction of forming a profile of the individual and society as labor, are displayed obediently and quality skills for the labor market system - postmodern world, at the expenses of a humanized education. Methodologically is the result of a review of subject. The main result shows the trend since the beginning of Colombian education to match the labor market.

scholarly journals When Earth Matters: Bessie Head’s When Rain Clouds Gather

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 448-455
Author(s):  
Gerd Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
Cultural Conflict ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Cultural Forms ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstract This essay discusses Bessie Head’s When Rain Clouds Gather from an ecocritical perspective, asking how her late 1960s’ novel already anticipated some of the politics of early twenty-first-century environmental thinking in the postcolonial sphere. The alliance of various marginalized characters who, one way or another, violate against existing hegemonic structures replaces the ideological and cultural conflict over territory, which derived directly from the colonialist past, with an agricultural revolution that aims to empower those who most closely resemble the subaltern classes variously theorized in postcolonial theory. This re-turn to the physical or even Real, to the materiality of the earth, opens up an alternative to the cultural essentialism that, from its beginning, created numerous stumbling stones on the path towards decolonization. Through its turn towards farming and the land and away from cultural forms of hegemony, the novel emphasizes the materiality of reality.

scholarly journals Understanding the Promises and Pitfalls of Outer Space Mining and the Need for an International Regulatory Body to Govern the Extraction of Space-Based Resources

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell Powell
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
First Century ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
National Space ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Cold War

Space exploration is about to undergo a monumental change and the global legal and regulatory infrastructure is massively unprepared. When the bulk of international space law was written, the Cold War was raging, and man had not even landed on the Moon yet. Now, thanks to advances in technology, a seismic shift has occurred which will see private industry leading the future of space exploration with national space agencies as partners, rather than the other way around as has been the status quo for decades. One of the most lucrative possibilities luring private firms to space is the opportunity to extract resources from a celestial body such as an asteroid, another planet, or the Moon. It is estimated that trillions of dollars’ worth of precious metals, liquids, and gasses exist on these bodies. A galactic resource race will soon be underway, and space-faring nations must take the lead to ensure that legal, economic, and environmental issues posed by such space exploration is hammered out before it is too late. I assert that if left to their own devices, firms will fail to follow the same standard of their fore-father government space agencies. As a result, we need an international agreement or body for the twenty-first century to govern and regulate the extraction of resources from outer space led by the great space hegemons.

New Economy in space: Cis-lunar economic circle and analogue simulations in China to the 2061 Horizon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
guo linli ◽  
blanc michel ◽  
huang tieqiu ◽  
huang jiangze ◽  
yuan jianping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Test Field ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Liquid Propellant ◽  
The Earth

<p>    The Moon is sometimes also called the "eighth continent" of the Earth. Determining how to utilize cis-lunar orbital infrastructures and lunar resources to carry out new economic activities extended to the space of the Earth-Moon system is one of the long-term goals of lunar exploration activities around the world. Future long-term human deep-space exploration missions to the Moon, on the Moon surface or using the Moon to serve farther destinations will require the utilization of lunar surface or asteroid resources to produce water, oxygen and other consumables needed to maintain human survival and to produce liquid propellant for the supply of spacecraft on the lunar surface. In complement to exploration activities, Moon tourism in cis-lunar orbit and on the lunar surface will become more and more attractive with the increase of  human spaceflight capacity and the development of commercial space activities. However, the development of a sustainable Earth-Moon ecosystem requires that we solve the following five problems:</p><p>(1)How to design alow-cost cis-lunar space transportation capacity? To find an optimal solution, one must compare direct Earth-Moon flight modes with flights based on the utilization of space stations, and identify the most economical spacecraft architectures.</p><p>(2)How to design an efficient set ofcis-lunar orbital infrastructures combining LEO space stations, Earth-Moon L1/L2 point space stations and Moon bases for commercial tourism, taking into account key issues such as energy, communications and others?</p><p>(3)Significant amounts ofliquid oxygen, water, liquid propellant and structural material will be needed for human bases, crew environmental control and life support systems, spacecraft propulsion systems, Moon surface storage and transportation systems. How to  design in-situ resources utilization (ISRU) of the Moon, including its soil, rocks and polar water ice reservoirs, to produce the needed amounts?</p><p>(4) How to simulate on the Earth surface the different components and key technologies that will enable a future long-term human residence on the Moon surface?</p><p>(5). How to accommodate the co-development of public and commercial space and foster international cooperation? How can space policies and international space law help this co-development?</p><p>    China has made rapid progress in robotic lunar exploration activities in the last 20 years, as illustrated by the recent discoveries provided by the Chang'e-4 lander on the far side of the Moon. By 2061, China will have gone into manned lunar exploration and built Moon bases. In preparation for this new phase of its contribution to space exploration, lunar surface simulation instruments have been built in Beijing, Shenzhen and other places in China. A series of achievements have been made in the field of space life sciences . An ambitious project to establish a large Moon base simulation test field, the Lunar Base Yulin (LBY) project, currently in its design phase in Yulin, Shaanxi Province in China, will allow the verification of key relevant technologies.</p><p>    By the 2061 Horizon, we believe that international cooperation and public-private partnership will be key elements to enable this vision of a new, sustainable cis-lunar space economy.</p>

Firearm “Rights” in Canada: Law and History in the Debates over Gun Control

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
R. Blake Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

AbstractThis article explains why and how some Canadians have asserted a right to possess firearms from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. It demonstrates that several late-nineteenth-century politicians asserted a right to arms for self-defence purposes based on the English Bill of Rights. This “right” was forgotten until opponents of gun control dusted it off in the late twentieth century. Firearm owners began to assert such a right based upon the English Bill of Rights, William Blackstone, and the English common law. Their claims remained judicially untested until recent cases finally undermined such arguments.

Coolie Therapeutics: Labor, Race, and Medical Science in Tropical Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warwick Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Labor History ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Racial Formation ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indentured Labor ◽  
Labor Practices ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Tropical Australia ◽  
Medical Fears

AbstractThis essay considers the biomedical framing of labor in tropical Australia from the late-nineteenth century until the early twenty-first century. This entails critical inquiry into racialized estimates of labor capacity or fitness, as well as skeptical examination of medical assumptions of risk and danger. Racial theories and medical conjectures have constituted flexible analytic toolkits that might adjust, adapt, and justify a variety of exploitative labor practices in Australia’s tropical north. Debates about coolie or indentured labor were never simply economic calculations: They also concerned notions of races and their proper places, and expressed particular moral sensibilities and medical fears. Thus labor history becomes entangled with histories of racial formation and of science and medicine

scholarly journals The past and present of age and ageing in The Country of the Pointed Firs and Olive Kitteridge

Anafora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-468
Author(s):  
Jelena Šesnić
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
First Century ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sarah Orne Jewett ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Pastoral Mode ◽  
Age Studies

The text examines the well-known late-nineteenth century novel The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896) by Sarah Orne Jewett and the early twenty-first century novel Olive Kitteridge (2008) by Elizabeth Strout, and sets them in several distinct but intersecting contexts within a larger argument about the reading methodology motivated by age studies and their growing appreciation in the humanities. This argument is then extended in the sections focusing on pastoralism and the way it incorporates, or evades, the question of age and ageing. The next section takes up the possibilities opened up by the pastoral mode and links them to another strain of fiction to which both texts belong despite the temporal distance, that of regionalism and its long tradition specifically in New England fiction examined from the vantage point of age. Finally, the last section of the argument adds further considerations not only of the parallels but also of telling differences between the two texts due to the different temporal and cultural context in which they strive to represent age and ageing. By focusing on emotions and their display as part of the narrative of ageing, both texts (Olive Kitteridge in particular) meaningfully illustrate the issue of age with its many ramifications for the contemporary Western societies. The two texts thus show a transition in American culture in the representations of age and ageing from its pre-scientific phase (in Jewett’s text) to the current medicalized and scientific view of age and its consequences (in Strout’s text).

Improved Views of the Moon in the Early Twenty First Century: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 101-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Yang ◽  
Wenjin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century

Singing and Survival

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Bendrups
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rapa Nui ◽  
Christian Music ◽  
Cultural Survival ◽  
Ancestral Knowledge ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Musical Practices ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This book investigates the role that music has played in the development of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) cultural heritage from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. Contrary to prevailing discourses of cultural loss and collapse, it argues that the continuity of Rapanui musical practices can be considered as evidence of cultural survival and continuity. The descriptions of music provided here extend beyond considerations of aesthetics, toward an appreciation of what it means for a once-endangered culture to survive, and to thrive, and the contribution that music can make to this process. It discusses how the Rapanui have carefully nurtured ancestral knowledge passed down over generations, as well as embracing a world of trans-Pacific cultural flows. It investigates five key domains of musical influence on Rapa Nui: ancient tradition, Christian music, Chilean influences, Polynesian influences, and influences derived from global popular culture.

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