scholarly journals Immunological basis of vaccination

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariyanto Harsono
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Antigen Recognition ◽  
Type 1 Interferon ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Recognition ◽  
Specific Immunity

The basic mechanisms of body defencesagainst infectious diseases are both non-specific and specific immune systems. Non-specific immunity refers to mechanism ofprotection that do not require specific recognition ofantigen, but that increase the protection afforded byspecific immune mechanisms. Non-specific immunemechanisms include phagocytes, acute inflammatoryresponses, type-1 interferon, and tumour necrosingfactor. Specific immunity consists of mechanisms ofprotection that require specific recognition of antigen.This immunity is highly specific, inducible,discriminatory and unforgotten T lymphocyte-dependent response. Normal specific immunityoperates under Major Histocompatibility Complexrestriction. It is the ability of this immune system torefine its antigen recognition domains and establishimmunological memory that underlies the success ofactive vaccination.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOFILM IMMUNITY

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Chebotar'
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Microbial Biofilms

The formation of microbial biomembranes complicates clinical course of infectious diseases. The review deals with the problem of interaction between immune system and specific components of microbial biofilms. The immune mechanisms which may destroy biomembranes and damage biomembrane-associated microorganisms are analyzed. The vulnerable spots of immune defense against microbal biomembranes are described. This review also issues future prospects of immune-based control of microbal biomembrane processes. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of Behavioral Immune System and its Unique Effect on Prejudice and Stigmatization in Patients with Infectious Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asie Eftekhari ◽  
Maryam Bakhtiari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Behavioral Immune System ◽  
Behavioral Safety ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Unique Effect ◽  
Neurological Processes

Introduction: Behavioral immune systems allow organisms to detect the presence of disease-causing pathogens in their environment more immediately and engage in behaviors that prevent them from coming into contact with objects and individuals. There is extensive research linking behavioral immune systems to a variety of prejudices. These prejudices cause labeling and ultimately social stigma on these people. Therefore, the present study investigated the behavioral safety system and its unique effect on prejudice and stigmatization in people with infectious diseases. In this review study, the research literature was searched through Google Scholar and PubMed with the words "Behavioral Immune System, Prejudice, Stigmatization", and the relevant authorities were included in this study. Research has shown that people tend to associate illness with obesity, the manifestation of facial symptoms, physical disability, and foreign nationality in order to avoid becoming ill by predicting illness and thus overreacting to them. These reactions occur in many groups of people who do not actually have the contagious disease and are called a type of psychological allergy. These prejudicial reactions and labeling can cause social distress for these people and their long-term social isolation. Conclusion: Disgust is triggered in response to pathogen-related stimuli and is associated with unique patterns of autonomic nervous system activity and neural activity, but in functional connections between anatomical structures, chemical neurological processes, and various cognitive and behavioral phenomena, the genetic structure is involved. Demonstrating behavioral immunity, there is not much information and more study is needed.

Nutritional Recommendation for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
Anagha Gulhane ◽  
Shamli Hiware
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Life Phase ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Nutritional Recommendation

It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micronutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium.The deficiencies of micronutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body.

scholarly journals Involvement of Probiotics and Postbiotics in the Immune System Modulation

Biologics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-110
Author(s):  
Neslihan Yeşilyurt ◽  
Birsen Yılmaz ◽  
Duygu Ağagündüz ◽  
Raffaele Capasso
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Immune System Modulation ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Intestinal microbiota interacts with other systems, especially the immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body by recognizing “stranger” (pathogen associated molecular patterns-PAMPs) and “danger” (damage-associated molecular patterns-DAMPs) molecular motifs. In this manner, it plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases and health. Despite the use of probiotics that modulate the intestinal microbiota in providing health benefits and in the treatment of diseases, there are some possible concerns about the possibility of developing adverse effects, especially in people with suppressed immune systems. Since probiotics provide health benefits with bioactive compounds, studies are carried out on the use of products containing non-living probiotic microorganisms (paraprobiotics) and/or their metabolites (postbiotics) instead of probiotic products. It is even reported that these microbial compounds have more immunomodulatory activities than living microorganisms via some possible mechanism and eliminates some disadvantages of probiotics. Considering the increasing use of functional foods in health and disease, further studies are needed with respect to the benefits and advantages of parabiotic and/or postbiotic use in the food and pharmaceutical industry as well as immune system modulation. Although probiotics have been extensive studied for a long time, it seems that postbiotics are promising tools for future research and applications according to the recent literature. This review aimed to evaluate the interaction of probiotics and postbiotics with the immune systems and also their advantages and disadvantages in the area of food-pharmaceutical industry and immune system modulation.

Type 1 interferon aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis through upregulating Caspase-11 and Gasdermin D

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xiaolei Zhang ◽  
Yujie Guo ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
Guanyi Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Interferon

scholarly journals Evaluation of a New Single-Parameter Volumetric Flow Cytometer (CyFlowgreen) for Enumeration of Absolute CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Thai Patients

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1416-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kovit Pattanapanyasat ◽  
Surada Lerdwana ◽  
Egarit Noulsri ◽  
Thanyanan Chaowanachan ◽  
Punneeporn Wasinrapee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Flow Cytometer ◽  
Single Parameter ◽  
Becton Dickinson ◽  
Flow Cytometric Method ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Use of the standard dual-platform flow cytometric method for determination of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, which needs both a flow cytometer (FCM) and hematological analyzer, would inevitably lead to increased variability. The development of new single-platform (SP) FCMs that provide direct CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts for improved assay precision and accuracy have recently attracted attention. This study evaluated one of those systems, CyFlowgreen (Partec), a single-parameter SP volumetric FCM. The performance of CyFlowgreen was compared with those of two reference standard SP microbead-based technologies of the three-color TruCOUNT tube with the FACScan FCM and a two-color FACSCount system (Becton Dickinson Biosciences). Absolute CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts in 200 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive blood specimens were determined. Statistical analysis for correlation and agreement were performed. A high correlation of absolute CD4 counts was shown when those obtained with CyFlowgreen were compared with those obtained with the bead-based three-color TruCOUNT system (R 2 = 0.96; mean bias, −69.1 cells/μl; 95% confidence interval [CI], −225.7 to +87.5 cells/μl) and the FACSCount system (R 2 = 0.97; mean bias, −40.0 cells/μl; 95% CI, −165.1 to +85.1 cells/μl). The correlation of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts obtained by the two bead-based systems was high (R 2 = 0.98). Interestingly, CyFlowgreen yielded CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts that were 21.8 and 7.2 cells/μl lower than those obtained with the TruCOUNT and the FACSCount systems, respectively, when CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts were <250 CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts/μl range or 17.3 and 5.8 cells/μl less, respectively, when CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts were <200 cells/μl. The single-parameter CyFlowgreen volumetric technology performed well in comparison with the performance of the standard SP bead-based FCM system. However, a multicenter comparative study is needed before this FCM machine is implemented in resource-limited settings.

scholarly journals STAT genes display differential evolutionary rates that correlate with their roles in the endocrine and immune system

2011 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marnix Gorissen ◽  
Erik de Vrieze ◽  
Gert Flik ◽  
Mark O Huising
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Evolutionary Conservation ◽  
Janus Kinase ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Primary Sequence ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Stat Proteins ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Endocrine Hormones

We identified orthologues of all mammalian Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) genes in teleostean fishes, indicating that these protein families were already largely complete before the teleost tetrapod split, 450 million years ago. In mammals, the STAT repertoire consists of seven genes (STAT1, -2, -3, -4, -5a, -5b, and -6). Our phylogenetic analyses show that STAT proteins that are recruited downstream of endocrine hormones (STAT3 and STAT5a and -5b) show a markedly higher primary sequence conservation compared with STATs that convey immune signals (STAT1-2, STAT4, and STAT6). A similar dichotomy in evolutionary conservation is observed for the JAK family of protein kinases, which activate STATs. The ligands to activate the JAK/STAT-signalling pathway include hormones and cytokines such as GH, prolactin, interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL12. In this paper, we examine the evolutionary forces that have acted on JAK/STAT signalling in the endocrine and immune systems and discuss the reasons why the JAK/STAT cascade that conveys classical immune signals has diverged much faster compared with endocrine JAK/STAT paralogues.

Type 1 interferon signature as a diagnostic marker of dermatomyositis

2017 ◽  
Vol 381 ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
A. Uruha ◽  
Y. Allenbach ◽  
J.L. Charuel ◽  
L. Musset ◽  
A. Aussy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
Interferon Signature ◽  
Type 1 Interferon
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