Mechanisms of Musculoskeletal Frailty in People Living with HIV

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
A.K. Nelson ◽  
G. Fiskum ◽  
C. Renn ◽  
S. Zhu ◽  
S. Kottilil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Endocrine Alterations

People over age 50 living with HIV experience frailty including functional declines and illnesses usually attributed to aging, more frequently and ten years earlier than people without HIV. As the number of people living with HIV over age 50 is expected to triple by the year 2040, those experiencing early frailty will continue to grow. This review synthesizes the known correlates and contributors to musculoskeletal frailty in people living with HIV. A conceptual model of musculoskeletal frailty in HIV that outlines chronic inflammation, altered energy metabolism, immune activation, and endocrine alterations as mechanisms associated with frailty development is presented. Additionally, the potential ability of aerobic exercise to modify the risk of frailty is highlighted as an important intervention.

Aerobic Exercise Interventions for People Living with HIV/AIDS: Implications for Practice, Education, and Research

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly O'Brien ◽  
Stephanie Nixon ◽  
Anne-Marie Tynan ◽  
Richard H. Glazier
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Practice Education ◽  
Hiv Aids

scholarly journals Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Zicari ◽  
Libera Sessa ◽  
Nicola Cotugno ◽  
Alessandra Ruggiero ◽  
Elena Morrocchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Residual Viremia ◽  
Immune Exhaustion ◽  
Full Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Persistent Antigen ◽  
Gut Mucosa ◽  
Living With Hiv

Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still present persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation. This condition is the result of several factors including thymic dysfunction, persistent antigen stimulation due to low residual viremia, microbial translocation and dysbiosis, caused by the disruption of the gut mucosa, co-infections, and cumulative ART toxicity. All of these factors can create a vicious cycle that does not allow the full control of immune activation and inflammation, leading to an increased risk of developing non-AIDS co-morbidities such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the most recent data about HIV-associated inflammation and chronic immune exhaustion in PLWH under effective ART. Furthermore, we discuss new therapy approaches that are currently being tested to reduce the risk of developing inflammation, ART toxicity, and non-AIDS co-morbidities.

The effects of a 16-week aerobic exercise programme on cognitive function in people living with HIV

AIDS Care ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam McDermott ◽  
Lilia Zaporojan ◽  
Patricia McNamara ◽  
Colin P. Doherty ◽  
Janice Redmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Programme ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

Mechanisms of immune aging in HIV

2022 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Manon Chauvin ◽  
Delphine Sauce
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Hiv Progression ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Massive CD4+ T-cell depletion as well as sustained immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infection. In recent years, an emerging concept draws an intriguing parallel between HIV-1 infection and aging. Indeed, many of the alterations that affect innate and adaptive immune subsets in HIV-infected individuals are reminiscent of the process of immune aging, characteristic of old age. These changes, of which the presumed cause is the systemic immune activation established in patients, likely participate in the immuno-incompetence described with HIV progression. With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-seropositive patients can now live for many years despite chronic viral infection. However, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections have given way to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death since HIV infection. Therefore, the comparison between HIV-1 infected patients and uninfected elderly individuals goes beyond the sole onset of immunosenescence and extends to the deterioration of several physiological functions related to inflammation and systemic aging. In light of this observation, it is interesting to understand the precise link between immune activation and aging in HIV-1 infection to figure out how to best care for people living with HIV (PLWH).

scholarly journals Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1266
Author(s):  
Léna Royston ◽  
Stéphane Isnard ◽  
John Lin ◽  
Jean-Pierre Routy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Virologic Suppression ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Cd4 T Cell Count

In stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still exhibit increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Such differences in health outcomes are related to higher risk behaviors, but also to HIV-related immune activation and viral coinfections. Among these coinfections, cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection is a well-known inducer of long-term immune dysregulation. Cytomegalovirus contributes to the persistent immune activation in PLWH receiving ART by directly skewing immune response toward itself, and by increasing immune activation through modification of the gut microbiota and microbial translocation. In addition, through induction of immunosenescence, CMV has been associated with a decreased response to infections and vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the influence of CMV on the immune system, the mechanisms underlying a reduced response to vaccines, and discuss new therapeutic advances targeting CMV that could be used to improve vaccine response in PLWH.

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