scholarly journals Synthesis and Assessment of a New Tetrahydrogeraniol Derivative as Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Drug Delivery

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Amjad Khan ◽  
Muhammad Hanif Raja ◽  
Arshad Khan ◽  
Muhammad Wasim Khan ◽  
Gul Majid Khan
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5-S) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
Sudip Das ◽  
Koushik Sen Gupta

The drug delivery within the stratum corneum of the skin prevails a challenging area for the pharmaceutical field, especially to the formulation scientists. Several investigations revealed that the lipid domain, which is the integral component of the transport barrier, must be breached if it is to be delivered transdermally at an appropriate rate. In particular, transdermal drug delivery has intrigued researchers with multiple suggestions because multiple dosing or insufficient drug delivery or characteristics of various drugs often results in low therapeutic effects. The application of permeation or penetration enhancers may prolong the number of drugs that can be offered topically. The application of any natural permeation enhancer is innoxious over the artificial permeation enhancers. The natural permeation enhancers are investigated, so notably include essential oils, terpenes, terpenoids, fatty acid esters, etc., have a certain effect in the transdermal drug delivery system. Despite decades of investigation on the natural chemical penetration enhancer, the researchers could not establish the effectiveness of natural penetration enhancers clinically due to the lack of in vivo models. Several factors, like solubility, solvent selection, experimental models, etc., has restricted the application and development of natural penetration enhancers in topical drug delivery systems, especially in the patches. Therefore, further investigation needs to do on skin irritation to decide natural penetration enhancers controlling optimum enhancement effects with minimal skin irritation. This review gives a comprehensive literature survey on naturally obtained chemical penetration enhancers and their future possibilities. Keywords: Topical Drug delivery system, Natural products, Penetration enhancer, Stratum corneum, In vivo models.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5-s) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupriya Kapoor ◽  
Shashi Kiran Mishra ◽  
Dharmesh Kumar Verma ◽  
Prashant Pandey

In present scenario more than 70% of the drugs that are taken by oral route are found to be less effective as desired, to overcome this constraint Transdermal drug delivery system has emerged as an innovative area of research, this system helps in delivering the drugs and macromolecules through skin into systemic circulation. At present, the worldwide market of Transdermal patch has reached 2 billion pounds. Many drugs like Estrogen, Progestrone, Nitroglycerine, Clonodine etc. are fabricated in form of Transdermal patches due to its ability to deliver the drug in non-invasive manner and also to overcome the problems associated with oral route. Although the Transdermal patches deliver the drug at predetermined rate1, the partitioning of drug from the system to the skin and then penetration through different layers of skin can be altered by adding penetration enhancers that can be physical or chemical in nature. This article deals with the role of different chemicals that can be used as penetration enhancer. Keywords: Penetration enhancer, Layer of skin, Fatty alcohol and glycol


Author(s):  
Michael A. Luzuriaga ◽  
Danielle R. Berry ◽  
John C. Reagan ◽  
Ronald A. Smaldone ◽  
Jeremiah J. Gassensmith

Biodegradable polymer microneedle (MN) arrays are an emerging class of transdermal drug delivery devices that promise a painless and sanitary alternative to syringes; however, prototyping bespoke needle architectures is expensive and requires production of new master templates. Here, we present a new microfabrication technique for MNs using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing using polylactic acid, an FDA approved, renewable, biodegradable, thermoplastic material. We show how this natural degradability can be exploited to overcome a key challenge of FDM 3D printing, in particular the low resolution of these printers. We improved the feature size of the printed parts significantly by developing a post fabrication chemical etching protocol, which allowed us to access tip sizes as small as 1 μm. With 3D modeling software, various MN shapes were designed and printed rapidly with custom needle density, length, and shape. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that our method resulted in needle tip sizes in the range of 1 – 55 µm, which could successfully penetrate and break off into porcine skin. We have also shown that these MNs have comparable mechanical strengths to currently fabricated MNs and we further demonstrated how the swellability of PLA can be exploited to load small molecule drugs and how its degradability in skin can release those small molecules over time.


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