The Effect of Exercise on the Total Leukocyte, Absolute Neutrophil, Lymphocyte and Platelet Counts among Sudanese Football Players

Background: Aerobic exercise induces physiological stress on the body and brings changes in hematological parameters. This study aimed to determine the effect of playing football as an exercise on the total white blood cell count, absolute Neutrophil, lymphocyte and Platelet counts among Sudanese football players. Material and method: This was a descriptive case control study, done on a number of football players in Khartoum state, Sudan and conducted within the period from August 2021 to October 2021. Three ml of venous blood samples had been collected from every participant in the study, parameters had been measured and calculated using blood cells counter (Sysmex KX-21N). Results: When compared the TWBCs, Absolute Neutrophil, Lymphocytes and platelet counts between cases and control there was a significant differences with (P ≤0.05). Also there was a significant difference in the case group before and after one hour of exercise with (P =0.00), and in significant differences between different age groups with (P ≥0.05). Conclusion: Playing football for 1 hour cause a significant increase in the TWBCs, absolute Neutrophils, absolute Lymphocytes and Platelets counts. Age variation has no effect on the measured parameters Keywords: Football, TWBCs, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes and Platelets.

Prevention of COVID-19 Through Optimization of Tabi’at: A Unani Medicine’s Perspective

Background: Unani System of Medicine (USM) is one of the traditional systems of medicine practiced in India and the Indian subcontinent. It is a holistic system of health care based on inceptive principles applied by Hippocrates, Galen, and Ibn-e-Sina, the founders of present-day medicine. USM encompasses a distinct way of looking at the human body and it considers health to be the result of natural dynamic harmonious balance within the body. USM also recognizes the presence of inherent wisdom which is responsible for controlling all physiological functions, maintenance of health, restoration of health, and self-healing. This intrinsic ability of the body to restore health and the mechanism that activates the body’s healing process is called Tabi’at/ physis. The ultimate goal of prevention of disease can be obtained by optimization of tabi’at/physis, increasing the host defense. It can be achieved through the implication of asbab-e-sitta zarooriyah which includes some Unani Regimenal Therapies also, fostering change in lifestyle habits resulting in good health. Aims: In this raging pandemic all the therapeutic strategies are based on destroying the agent, breaking the means of transmission and immunization. Although we are leaving behind a huge gap in maintaining the host defense even though it has a crucial role in disease dynamics. In this paper, we have attempted to highlight the concept of tabi’at/Physis and its optimization to prevent this disease and its transmission. Methods: The authors had gone through classical Unani medical textbooks books related to the concept of tabi’at, asbab-e-sitta zarooriyah, and various modalities that help in health promotion and host defense. Important Unani medicine textbooks like Al Qanoon, Kamilus Sana’at, Kitab-al- Hawi, Al-asbab wa Alamat, Moalijat Buqratiya, Firdausul Hikmat and Kitabul Mansuri in addition to other published literature on the concerned subject was also reviewed for further clarification on the topic. Keywords: Unani System of Medicine, Tabi’at (physis), Host defense & Asbab-e- Sitta zarooriyah

Short Commentary on Approved Medications for COVID -19 Management?

Every clinician who prescribes antiviral drug during COVID-19 should be very careful and needs to assess following factors such as hepatic and renal function status, specialized population such as Geriatric, Pediatric etc, co morbidities of patient, allergic history of drug, COVID-19 severity status, clinical evidence in management of COVID-19 and duration of drug therapy in COVID-19.

Study of Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamic and Toxicity Prediction of Several Quinoline Alkaloid Derivatives as a Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor as Anti-Leukemia

Quinoline alkaloid and its derivatives play a vital role in the development of new therapeutic agents. Cinnoline structure has similarities with quinoline alkaloid compound and has the potential to inhibit Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) in leukemia treatment. This research aims to study the interaction of several quinoline alkaloids with BTK and to predict the toxicity to ensure their safety. This study was carried out using computational studies, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and toxicity prediction, to assess the compound’s activity towards BTK and their toxicity. Molecular docking simulations showed that ten compounds (S1, S2, S4, S5, S8, S13, S14, S16, S17, and S20) had the best affinity to BTK. Molecular dynamics simulations to these ten compounds showed that only seven compounds (S1, S5, S8, S13, S16, S17, and S20) could stabilize the interaction towards BTK with RMSD and RMSF value of 0.5 ± 2 Å and 0.5 ± 6, 5 Å, respectively. Toxicity prediction results showed that these quinoline alkaloids had various toxicity characteristics, but most were not carcinogens and mutagens (S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S10 S11, S12, S14, and S15). It can be concluded that Yukositrin (S8) has the most potential affinity towards BTK, which can be used as anti-leukemia with low toxicity. Keywords: anti-leukemia, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase, docking, MD, quinoline alkaloids

In vitro Comparative Dissolution Studies of Different Propranolol Generic Tablets Available in Bangladesh

The present study focused to assess in vitro dissolution profiles of four different products of propranolol 10 mg Tablets (Randomly coded as PRP1-PRP4) available in Bangladesh comparing with the reference brand (coded as REF). Propranolol is a competitive non selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to amend or restore normal heart rhythm in cardiovascular diseases. An in vitro dissolution study was carried out using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) paddle method at 75 rpm with 500 mL of 0.1N HCl dissolution media at 37.0± 0.5 0C. All the tested locally manufactured propranolol products; PRP1, PRP2, PRP3, PRP4 showed compatible dissolution (87%, 86%, 87%, and 80%, respectively) pattern (dissolution criterion Q=80% in 30 minutes) compared with the reference brand (88% dissolution in 30 minutes). The dissolution behavior was estimated with the reference brand using a model dependent and model-independent approach (f2>50, f1 < 15). A mechanistic mathematical release kinetics was also evaluated. The best-fit kinetic model was Hixon-Crowell release kinetics for reference brand and PRP1; and first order release kinetics was predominant for PRP2, PRP3 and PRP4. Keywords: propranolol, dissolution, similarity factor, difference factor, dissolution kinetics

A Review on Medicinal Uses of Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamon)

Cinnamomum verum is a spice plant that is well-known for its medicinal and pharmacological qualities. The old botanical synonym for this tree, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, is derived from Sri Lanka's former name, Ceylon. Since ancient times, Cinnamomum zeylanicum has been frequently used as a medicinal condiment. It's native to Sri Lanka and India's southern states. Cinnamomum verum belongs to the Lauraceae family and is also known by the synonym Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. It's a dried bark that's been stripped of its outer cork and underlying parenchyma. Cinnamomum verum is a popular medicinal herb with a wide range of applications It has long been used to flavour food and in pharmaceutical preparations to treat a variety of ailments. For commercial purposes, it is commonly used as candies, chewing gums, mouthwash, and toothpaste in the current period. Many volatile oils, primarily cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate, are abundant in the plant. Eugenol is the active principal ingredient linked to a variety of biological functions. This herb is found in almost every pharmacological system on the planet. Each of these features is essential for human health development. Antimicrobial, wound healing, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, anti-anxiety, and anti-are Parkinson's among of the plant's key medical characteristics. The major components of the Cinnamomum verum plant include eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, copane, and camphor. The pharmacological effects of cinnamon aldehyde have been extensively researched. Every aspect of the plant was thoroughly examined in this study, from its morphological description to its phytochemical profile and therapeutic action. In this review, we've attempted to compile a comprehensive list of its medical and pharmacological qualities. Keywords: Cinnamomum verum, Dalchini, Medicinal Properties, volatile oils, Antimicrobial, Anti-HIV, antidiabetic

In-Situ Ocular Gel Pharmaceutical Delivery System: A Recent Review

Ocular Drug Delivery has been a key challenge and attractive field for the pharmaceutical scientist due to peerless anatomy and physiology of eye. Glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, keratitis, endophthalmitis, trachoma, and conjunctivitis are just a few of the conditions that can affect the eye. In order to accomplish efficient ocular treatment within the eye, At the point of action, an appropriate supply of active substances must be given and sustained. Due to fast precorneal medication loss, traditional treatment has a low bioavailability. The bioavailability of a medicine is also influenced by static and dynamic barriers. To address the limitations of traditional treatment, significant efforts are being made to develop innovative medication systems for ocular delivery. When a drop is injected into the eye, it goes through a sol-gel transition and forms a cul-de-sac. The in-situ gel system, which comprises thermally triggered, pH triggered, and ion cross linking systems, is the subject of this review. It includes a step-by-step procedure for preparing the pH-triggered system as well as assessment parameters. Keywords: Conventional dosage form, Anatomy and physiology in eye, In-situ gel.

In-Vitro Antidiabetic Effect of Ziziphus mucronata Leave Extracts

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to the body’s inability to produce insulin or inaction of the produced insulin or a combination of both. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose production and absorption through the inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes such as alpha-amylase as well as through the inhibition of hemoglobin glycosylation. Objective: This study sets out to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of Ziziphus mucronata extracts for their effect on alpha-amylase and glycosylation of hemoglobin. Methods: Successive gradient maceration of Z. mucronata leaves were carried out using Hexane, Acetone, Methanol and separately with water to obtain four (4) extracts labelled HE, AE, ME, and WE respectively. These were subjected to in vitro studies for their inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase and hemoglobin glycosylation, Standard laboratory methods were used to screen for phytochemicals of the most potent extract. Results: The result showed that AE, ME and WE extract exhibited a dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibition of both alpha-amylase and hemoglobin glycosylation. However, on a stricking note, the AE showed a more potent data result with percentage (%) potency of 71.02 at 1mg/ml, the lowest glucose concentration (of 25mg/ml) at 0.242nm as well as the highest hemoglobin glycosylation inhibitory mean concentration of 3.663nm after 72 hours. The AE of Z. mucronata (the most potent) revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponin, tanins and terpenoids. Conclusion: Thus, the Acetone extract is more likely to give a lead antidiabetic drug molecule of drug when further explored; which somewhat justify the folkloric claims of Z. mucronata leave as an antidiabetic. Keywords: Heamoglabin glycosylation, Alpha-amylase enzymes, Inhibition, Glucose.

A Recent Overview: In Situ Gel Smart Carriers for Ocular Drug Delivery

Delivery of the drug to the ocular area is blocked by the protective layers covering the eyes; it has always been a major problem to find effective bioavailability of the active drug in the ocular area due to the short duration of precorneal majority ocular stay. Direct delivery systems combine as well as oil, solution, and suspension, as a result, many delivery systems are not able to effectively treat eye diseases. Many works have been done and are being done to overcome this problem one of which is to use in-situ to build polymeric systems. Ocular In-situ gelling systems are a new class of eye drug delivery systems that are initially in solution but are quickly transformed into a viscous gel when introduced or inserted into an ocular cavity where active drugs are released continuously. This sol-to-gel phase conversion depends on a variety of factors such as changes in pH, ion presence, and temperature changes. Post-transplanting gel selects viscosity and bio-adhesive properties, which prolongs the gel's stay in the ocular area and also releases the drug in a long and continuous way unlike conventional eye drops and ointments. This review is a brief overview of situ gels, the various methods of in situ gelling systems, the different types of polymers used in situ gels, their gel-based methods, and the polymeric testing of situ gel. Keywords: In-situ gel, Polymers, and ion triggered in-situ gel, Mechanism, Evaluation parameters

Linkages of Leaves Moisture of Medical Plant (Senecio L.) and Elevation in Shan County

A key plant species (Senecio L.) not only is a vital multilevel functional medicinal material of indications of respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, enteritis, dysentery, but also it is a widely distributed wide plant species. This plant species is widely distributed elevation from 500m to 1500m in six landscapesin Shan County of China. However, understanding dynamics of leaves moisture of theplants is difficult along elevation. Herein showed that linkages between leaves moisture of the species and elevation is a significant positive connection from 500m to 1000m(P<0.01) as well as linkages between leaves moisture of this species to elevation is asignificant negative connection from 1000m to 1500m(P<0.01). Herein provides six types and eco-adaptation for finding new species. Therefore, this study has theoretical and vital practical significance for plants protection along elevation and environmental gradientover the spatial-temporal-environmental-disturbance scales (STEDS) in interdisciplinary research from species diversity, ecosystems diversity and landscape diversity.Keywords: leaves moisture; elevation; relationship; eco-adaptation; eco-functional value; medicinal plant