scholarly journals Privacy Within the Private Order: A Critical Evaluation of the Market-Based System Governing Data Collection in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire McCloskey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Privacy Policy ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Information Intermediaries ◽  
Consumer Data ◽  
Collection Practices

This paper critically evaluates the market-based system governing data collection in the United States. The discussion is centred around Big Tech, a group of information intermediaries responsible for the ongoing extraction and exploitation of consumer data. The exploitative system is enabled by the ubiquitous privacy policy, which ostensibly offers data subjects ‘notice’ of data collection and the ‘choice’ to consent to said collection. This paper critiques the ‘notice and choice’ model, concluding the combined ambiguity and opacity of the privacy policy fail to offer subjects meaningful control over their data. To substantiate this argument, the paper evaluates the suitability of the market-based system in a broader sense, arguing that data collection practices precludes the knowledge parity necessary for an operative and fair market-based system. The paper concludes by ascertaining the suitability of state-based regulation, identifying data’s intrinsic relationship with ideals that are core to the Western tradition: equality, democracy, and autonomy.

Crime

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-51
Author(s):  
Benjamin Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Repeat Offenders ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Collection Practices

From the mid-to-late nineteenth century, in the period after the use of branding and before the use of fingerprinting, penal institutions faced the problem of how to identify repeat offenders. In this interim, Alphonse Bertillon, a clerk in the Paris Prefecture of Police, developed an anthropometric system that measured the bodies of criminals at their intake and catalogued these measurements in order to identify them should they offend again. Calculating Race’s second chapter traces the importation of the Bertillon System of Classification to the United States, where its data collection practices were racialized. It then investigates University of Chicago sociologist Ernest Burgess’s 1920s work on this data set to build a formula for sentencing and parole decisions. The resulting algorithm from Burgess’s work relied heavily on race-based Bertillon data and factored race into its recommendations for length of sentence and supervised release, installing racial statistics as a key variable in matters of criminal justice.

scholarly journals Crossing Borders in Search of the Mother-Daughter Story: Interdependence across Time and Distance

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-639
Author(s):  
Ruth Ann Belknap
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mothers And Daughters ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Mexican Culture ◽  
Mother Daughter Relationship ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Distance Data

Although studies have identified the importance of the mother–daughter relationship and of familism in Mexican culture, there is little in the literature about the mother–daughter experience after daughters have migrated to the United States. This study explores relationships between three daughters in America and their mothers in Mexico, and describes ways in which interdependence between mothers and daughters can be maintained when they are separated by borders and distance. Data collection included prolonged engagement with participants, field notes, and tape-recorded interviews. Narrative analysis techniques were used. Findings suggest mother–daughter interdependence remains. Some aspects may change, but the mother–daughter connection continues to influence lives and provide emotional and, to a lesser extent, material support in their lives.

scholarly journals The FDSN: history and objectives

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. DzIewonski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Global Seismology ◽  
Research Facilities ◽  
Seismographic Network

The origins of the Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN) can be traced to the summer of 1984. At that time, GEOSCOPE - the French global network of broadband instruments - was already well under way, and in the United States, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) had just published its Science Plan for Global Seismographic Network (GSN). There was clearly an opportunity and the need to involve scientists from other countries in planning for the future of global seismology. An ad hoc meeting of some ten West European seismologists had been arranged in August during the annual meeting of the European Geophysical Society in Louvain. This may be considered to signify the beginning of widescale international cooperation, even though this particular group eventually became the nucleus of ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for EUropean Seismology). Rather than taking an active role in deployment of new stations, it chose to focus on the issue of providing the service for data collection and exchange, with an important mission of developing the requisite software.

A Republic, If You Can Keep Its Elections Secure, Accurate, and Fair

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-669
Author(s):  
Martha Kropf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face

We have kept our republic through a variety of localized disasters and various problem elections. The research presented here highlights the field of “Election Science and Administration” (ESA). Research in our field maximize our probability of continuing to keep our republic—even in the face of a pandemic which is a national—and international challenge. As the United States and the world deal with the specter of a pandemic election, the growth of the scholarly field designed to advocate for transparency in data collection and to improve the quality of elections is more important than ever.

Data Collection and Modeling Results to Permit Estimation of Meteorological Effects on Roadway Noise

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
Roger L. Wayson ◽  
Kenneth Kaliski ◽  
John M. MacDonald ◽  
Erik M. Salomons ◽  
Darlene D. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
The United States ◽  
Road Traffic Noise ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Noise Propagation ◽  
Meteorological Effects

The estimation of absolute road traffic noise levels without including the effects of meteorology is thought to be a major source of error in the estimation process commonly used in the United States. In response, the Transportation Research Board-sponsored NCHRP 25-52, Meteorological Effects on Roadway Noise, to collect highway noise data under different meteorological conditions, document the meteorological effects on roadway noise propagation under different atmospheric conditions, develop best practices, and provide guidance on how to (a) quantify meteorological effects on roadway noise propagation and (b) explain those effects to the public. The completed project involved collecting and analyzing 35,000 min of sound and meteorological data at 16 barrier and no-barrier measurement positions adjacent to Interstate 17 in Phoenix, Arizona. This report provides information on the data collection and the modeling recommendations. The database assembled is thought to be among the best available in the United States to permit analysis of meteorological effects on roadway noise. The study recommendations will advance the methodology for estimating the meteorological effects on roadway noise in the United States.

Japan-United States: Exchange of Letters Containing Medical Technology Procurement Agreement

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-101
Author(s):  
Wendy Silberman ◽  
Laura Sherman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
The Government ◽  
Technology Procurement

On October 1, 1994, the United States and Japan reached agreement on Japanese government procurement of medical technology products and services. This agreement consists of: (1) an exchange of letters between the Governments of Japan and the United States, which include goals, quantitative and qualitative criteria by which to evaluate progress toward the goals and consultation provisions; (2) Measures Related to Japanese Public Sector Procurement of Medical Technology Products and Services, adopted by the Government of Japan on March 29, 1994; (3) Operational Guidelines, which supplement and clarify the Measures; and (4) detailed data collection requirements.

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