D-optimal Design Optimization for the Separation of Oleic Acid from Malaysian High Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil Fatty Acids Mixture Using Urea Complex Fractionation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Bahadi ◽  
Nadia Salih ◽  
Jumat Salimon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Urea Complex ◽  
Crude Palm Oil

Oleic acid (OA) rich vegetable oils is important for the daily essential dietary oils intake but restrict to particular oil such as olive oil. However OA enrichment to other vegetable oil such as palm oil is always possible. OA can be obtained from cheap resources such as high free fatty acid crude palm oil (HFFA-CPO). OA concentrate from HFFA-CPO fatty acids mixture requires efficient and low cost technique. Urea complex crystallization fractionation is a classic method for fractionating saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids from polyunsaturated fatty acids of many vegetable oils. In this work, the separation and purification of oleic acid (OA) from unsaturated fatty acids mixture fraction (USFA) of HFFA-CPO fatty acids mixture by urea complex fractionation (UCF) was studied. The crystallization reaction conditions of urea inclusion for the non-urea complex fraction (NUCF) were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the optimal model was developed. The results showed high content of OA (88%) in urea complex fraction (UCF) with 86% yield at optimal conditions of urea-to-USFAs ratio of 4.62 : 1 (w/w), crystallization temperature at –10°C and crystallization time of 24 h. The results have demonstrated that urea complex crystallization fractionation method is a very effective with low cost, stable, obtainable, and comparatively ease to recover of OA from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of an oil fatty acids mixture. Pure OA is plausible to be used back for the OA enrichment modification into palm oil for new dietary oil.

Separation of free fatty acids from high free fatty acid crude palm oil using short-path distillation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Al-Wali Japir ◽  
Jumat Salimon ◽  
Darfizzi Derawi ◽  
Murad Bahadi ◽  
Muhammad Rahimi Yusop
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Short Path ◽  
High Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Short Path Distillation

scholarly journals Pengaruh Zat Aditif Urea terhadap Kuantitas Biodiesel Pada Reaksi Transesterfikasi

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rismawati Rasyid ◽  
Ummu Kalsum ◽  
Rahmaniah Malik ◽  
Dadi Priyono ◽  
Azis Albar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Rbd Palm Oil

Abstrak Asam lemak jenuh maupun tak jenuh pada minyak nabati memiliki potensi untuk diubah menjadi bahan kimia penyusun bahan bakar . Komponen asam lemak pada CPO RBD dengan komposisi terbesar adalah asam palmitat (38.2%) dan asam oleat (45.89%).  Pembuatan biodiesel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan CPO (Crude Palm Oil) yang telah dimurnikan melalui reaksi transesterfikasi dengan pereaksi etanol dan katalisator KOH. Penambahan urea sebagai zat aditif pada reaksi dapat meningkatkan kualitas biodiesel yang diperoleh serta lebih efisien dalam tahapan pemurnian. Persentase kadar FAME (Fatty Acid Metyl Ester) setara dengan persen yield biodiesel pada proses reaksi tanpa penambahan urea adalah 90.34% dan mengalami peningkatan setelah penambahan urea sebesar 98%. Densitas yang dihasilkan pada reaksi tanpa zat aditif  0.868 gr/ ml dan reaksi dengan penambahan zat aditif memiliki densitas  0.866 gr/ml,  kedua produk tersebut telah sesuai dengan standar SNI yakni berkisar 0.85–0.89. Kata kunci : biodiesel, CPO, zat aditif Abstract Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils have potential to be converted into constituent of chemicals fuel. Fatty acids in the RBD palm oil with the largest composition are palmitic acid (38.2%) and oleic acid (45.89%). Production of fuel which substitute diesel fuel (biodiesel) from CPO (Crude Palm Oil) which has been purified by transesterification reaction with ethanol reagent and KOH catalyst. The addition of urea as an additive substancein the reaction to improve  the quality as well as more efficient biodiesel obtained in the purification stages. Percentage value of FAME(Fatty Acid Metyl Ester)or yield biodiesel in the reaction without the addition of urea is 90.34% and after the addition of urea increased by 98%. Density of product that produced in the reaction without additives is 0.868 g / ml and for reaction with additives has a density of 0.866 g / ml, both of these products are met the criteria of SNI  standards which ranged from 0.85 to 0.89. Keywords : Biodiesel, CPO, additive substance

scholarly journals Purification of High Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil Using Molecular Distillation

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 2549-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Al-Wali Japir ◽  
Jumat Salimon ◽  
Darfizzi Derawi ◽  
Murad Bahadi ◽  
Muhammad Rahimi Yusop
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Molecular Distillation ◽  
High Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Palm Oil

scholarly journals Physicochemical characteristics of high free fatty acid crude palm oil

OCL ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. D506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Al-Wali Japir ◽  
Jumat Salimon ◽  
Darfizzi Derawi ◽  
Murad Bahadi ◽  
Salah Al-Shuja'a ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
High Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Palm Oil

scholarly journals A highly efficient separation and physicochemical characteristics of saturated fatty acids from crude palm oil fatty acids mixture using methanol crystallisation method

OCL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. A203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Al-Wali Japir ◽  
Jumat Salimon ◽  
Darfizzi Derawi ◽  
Badrul Hisham Yahaya ◽  
Murad Bahadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Crude Palm Oil

The objective of the current study was to separate saturated fatty acids (SFAs) from high free fatty acid crude palm oil fatty acid mixture using the methanol crystallisation method. The development of methanol crystallisation method procedure was based on various parameters. The fatty acid composition was determined by using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. The highest percentage of SFAs was more than 89% with the percentage yield of 48.9% under the optimal conditions of the fatty acids-to-methanol ratio of 1:15 (w/v), the crystallisation temperature of −15 °C, and the crystallisation time of 24 hours, respectively. After a double crystallisation, the composition of separated SFAs contains 90% of palmitic acid (C16:0) as a major component and 5.8% of stearic acid (C18:0), respectively. Moreover, almost 4.2% of oleic acid (C18:1) was observed in the saturated solid product. Based on the results, the use of methanol as a crystallisation solvent is recommended because of its high efficiency, low cost, stability, obtainability, and comparative ease of recovery.

Characteristics of Crude Palm Oil Produced in Hainan

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Gong ◽  
Gan Ran Deng ◽  
Jian Hua Cao ◽  
Guo Jie Li ◽  
Zhi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Crude palm oil (CPO) was extracted from fresh fruit bunches of RYL7 oil palm cultivated in Hainan by using a self-made single stage screw press. The physicochemical characteristics and Fatty acid composition of the CPO was investigated. The experimental results included melting point (33.10 °C), density (0.91 g/cm3 at 20 °C), acid value (8.35 mg KOH/g), iodine value (62.72 mg iodine/g), saponifiable value (198.02 mg KOH/g), moisture and volatile matter (0.16% of total lipids), insoluble impurities (0.04% of total lipids), unsaponifiable matter (0.40% of total lipids). Oleic acid (40.90% of total fatty acids), palmitic acid (37.88% of total fatty acids), linoleic (14.29% of total fatty acids), followed by stearic acid (5.11% of total fatty acids) were found to be the predominant fatty acids in the oil. The unsaturated oleic acid was the most predominant fatty acid in CPO of Hainan while saturated palmitic acid was the most principal fatty acid in palm oil from Malaysia. The contents of linolenic, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in this CPO were 4.09%, 5.09%, 4.09% higher than that of Malaysia, respectively. In addition, the percentages of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acids of this oil were 5.62%, 6.01% lower than that of Malaysia, respectively.

scholarly journals Penghambatan Peningkatan Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas (Free Fatty Acid) pada Buah Kelapa Sawit dengan Menggunakan Asap Cair

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teuku Maimun ◽  
Nasrul Arahman ◽  
Fikriatul Arifah Hasibuan ◽  
Putri Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Oil Hydrolysis

Abstract                                                                        One cause of the increase in free fatty acids (FFA) in Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is the activity of lipase-producing microorganisms in the oil palm fruit. Lipase is a biocatalisator which accelerate oil-hydrolysis reaction. High Free Fatty Acid Levels (FFA) will caused rancidity, change the taste and color of the oil. To solve this problem, post-harvest palm fruits should treat with some special treatment, e.g. addition of anti-microbial material, such as liquid smoke The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of liquid smoke on oil palm fruit, the inhibition of elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) on CPO. The factors reviewed in this study is the concentration of liquid smoke used; 5, 15, and 25% and the standing time; 12, 16 and 20 hours. The parameters observed in this study are free fatty acids (FFA), water, and impurities. The results showed that the higher the concentration of liquid smoke added, the higher inhibition of oil hydrolysis. CPO levels of FFA decreased at approximately 0,03 to 0,37% after the addition of liquid smoke. Highest inhibition on ALB increase was obtained in the treatment of the sample with the addition of 25% liquid smoke and 12 hours of standing time, which is 2,46%. Keywords: Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Water, Impurities, Liquid Smoke.Abstrak       Salah satu penyebab peningkatan asam lemak bebas (ALB) di dalam Crude Palm Oil (CPO) adalah, karena adanya aktivitas mikroorganisme penghasil lipase di dalam buah kelapa sawit. Lipase merupakan biokatalisator yang mempercepat reaksi hidrolisis minyak. Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB) yang tinggi menyebabkan ketengikan, perubahan rasa dan warna pada minyak. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, buah kelapa sawit perlu diberi perlakuan khusus, yaitu penambahan bahan anti mikroba pada buah kelapa sawit pasca panen, salah satunya adalah asap cair. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan asap cair pada buah kelapa sawit, terhadap penghambatan peningkatan kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB) pada CPO. Adapun faktor yang ditinjau dalam penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi asap cair yang digunakan, yaitu 5, 15, dan 25% dan waktu pendiaman, yaitu 12, 16, dan 20 jam. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini antara lain, asam lemak bebas (ALB), air, dan kotoran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi asap cair yang ditambahkan, maka penghambatan hidrolisis minyak semakin tinggi. Kadar ALB pada CPO yang dihasilkan menurun sekitar 0,62 – 2,55% setelah penambahan asap cair. Penghambatan peningkatan ALB tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan sampel dengan penambahan 25% asap cair dan waktu pendiaman 12 jam, yaitu 2.46%. Kata kunci : Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB), Air, Kotoran (Impuritis), Asap cair (Liquid Smoke)

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