scholarly journals Pengaruh Zat Aditif Urea terhadap Kuantitas Biodiesel Pada Reaksi Transesterfikasi

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rismawati Rasyid ◽  
Ummu Kalsum ◽  
Rahmaniah Malik ◽  
Dadi Priyono ◽  
Azis Albar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Rbd Palm Oil

Abstrak Asam lemak jenuh maupun tak jenuh pada minyak nabati memiliki potensi untuk diubah menjadi bahan kimia penyusun bahan bakar . Komponen asam lemak pada CPO RBD dengan komposisi terbesar adalah asam palmitat (38.2%) dan asam oleat (45.89%).  Pembuatan biodiesel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan CPO (Crude Palm Oil) yang telah dimurnikan melalui reaksi transesterfikasi dengan pereaksi etanol dan katalisator KOH. Penambahan urea sebagai zat aditif pada reaksi dapat meningkatkan kualitas biodiesel yang diperoleh serta lebih efisien dalam tahapan pemurnian. Persentase kadar FAME (Fatty Acid Metyl Ester) setara dengan persen yield biodiesel pada proses reaksi tanpa penambahan urea adalah 90.34% dan mengalami peningkatan setelah penambahan urea sebesar 98%. Densitas yang dihasilkan pada reaksi tanpa zat aditif  0.868 gr/ ml dan reaksi dengan penambahan zat aditif memiliki densitas  0.866 gr/ml,  kedua produk tersebut telah sesuai dengan standar SNI yakni berkisar 0.85–0.89. Kata kunci : biodiesel, CPO, zat aditif Abstract Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils have potential to be converted into constituent of chemicals fuel. Fatty acids in the RBD palm oil with the largest composition are palmitic acid (38.2%) and oleic acid (45.89%). Production of fuel which substitute diesel fuel (biodiesel) from CPO (Crude Palm Oil) which has been purified by transesterification reaction with ethanol reagent and KOH catalyst. The addition of urea as an additive substancein the reaction to improve  the quality as well as more efficient biodiesel obtained in the purification stages. Percentage value of FAME(Fatty Acid Metyl Ester)or yield biodiesel in the reaction without the addition of urea is 90.34% and after the addition of urea increased by 98%. Density of product that produced in the reaction without additives is 0.868 g / ml and for reaction with additives has a density of 0.866 g / ml, both of these products are met the criteria of SNI  standards which ranged from 0.85 to 0.89. Keywords : Biodiesel, CPO, additive substance

Characteristics of Crude Palm Oil Produced in Hainan

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Gong ◽  
Gan Ran Deng ◽  
Jian Hua Cao ◽  
Guo Jie Li ◽  
Zhi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Crude palm oil (CPO) was extracted from fresh fruit bunches of RYL7 oil palm cultivated in Hainan by using a self-made single stage screw press. The physicochemical characteristics and Fatty acid composition of the CPO was investigated. The experimental results included melting point (33.10 °C), density (0.91 g/cm3 at 20 °C), acid value (8.35 mg KOH/g), iodine value (62.72 mg iodine/g), saponifiable value (198.02 mg KOH/g), moisture and volatile matter (0.16% of total lipids), insoluble impurities (0.04% of total lipids), unsaponifiable matter (0.40% of total lipids). Oleic acid (40.90% of total fatty acids), palmitic acid (37.88% of total fatty acids), linoleic (14.29% of total fatty acids), followed by stearic acid (5.11% of total fatty acids) were found to be the predominant fatty acids in the oil. The unsaturated oleic acid was the most predominant fatty acid in CPO of Hainan while saturated palmitic acid was the most principal fatty acid in palm oil from Malaysia. The contents of linolenic, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in this CPO were 4.09%, 5.09%, 4.09% higher than that of Malaysia, respectively. In addition, the percentages of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acids of this oil were 5.62%, 6.01% lower than that of Malaysia, respectively.

D-optimal Design Optimization for the Separation of Oleic Acid from Malaysian High Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil Fatty Acids Mixture Using Urea Complex Fractionation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Bahadi ◽  
Nadia Salih ◽  
Jumat Salimon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Urea Complex ◽  
Crude Palm Oil

Oleic acid (OA) rich vegetable oils is important for the daily essential dietary oils intake but restrict to particular oil such as olive oil. However OA enrichment to other vegetable oil such as palm oil is always possible. OA can be obtained from cheap resources such as high free fatty acid crude palm oil (HFFA-CPO). OA concentrate from HFFA-CPO fatty acids mixture requires efficient and low cost technique. Urea complex crystallization fractionation is a classic method for fractionating saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids from polyunsaturated fatty acids of many vegetable oils. In this work, the separation and purification of oleic acid (OA) from unsaturated fatty acids mixture fraction (USFA) of HFFA-CPO fatty acids mixture by urea complex fractionation (UCF) was studied. The crystallization reaction conditions of urea inclusion for the non-urea complex fraction (NUCF) were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the optimal model was developed. The results showed high content of OA (88%) in urea complex fraction (UCF) with 86% yield at optimal conditions of urea-to-USFAs ratio of 4.62 : 1 (w/w), crystallization temperature at –10°C and crystallization time of 24 h. The results have demonstrated that urea complex crystallization fractionation method is a very effective with low cost, stable, obtainable, and comparatively ease to recover of OA from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of an oil fatty acids mixture. Pure OA is plausible to be used back for the OA enrichment modification into palm oil for new dietary oil.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF CRUDE PALM OIL PROTECTION WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON HYDROGENATION OF RUMEN FLUID UNSATURATED FATTY ACID: ITS EFFECT ON BLOOD AND MEAT FATTY ACID

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Nafly C. Tiven ◽  
Lies Mira Yusiati ◽  
Rusman Rusman ◽  
Umar Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Basal Ration

This research aimed to determine the effect of crude palm oil protected with formaldehyde on the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen and its effect on blood and meat fatty acids. Fifteenth local male lambs aged 9-12 months weighing 14-17 kg, were divided into 3 groups ration treatment. The first group received only the basal ration (R0), the 2nd group received the basal ration and 3% CPO (R1), while the 3rd group received the basal ration and 3% CPO protected with 2% formaldehyde (R2). Basal feed consisted of 60% grass, 30% bran and 10% soybean meal, with the nutrient content of 62.98% TDN, 45.5% DM, 14.48% CP, 4.70% EE and 21.93% CF. Parameters observed were the fatty acid from rumen fluid, blood and meat of sheep. Data were analyzed by complete randomized design direction patterns. Differences between treatments were tested further using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. The results showed that treatment of R2 can increase unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen, blood and meat (P

scholarly journals Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes Associated with Fatty Acid Content of Watermelon Seed

2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Meru ◽  
Cecilia McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Watermelon Seed

Seed oil percentage (SOP) and fatty acid composition of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds are important traits in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia where the seeds provide a significant source of nutrition and income. Oil yield from watermelon seed exceeds 50% (w/w) and is high in unsaturated fatty acids, a profile comparable to that of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and soybean (Glycine max) oil. As a result of novel non-food uses of plant-derived oils, there is an increasing need for more sources of vegetable oil. To improve the nutritive value of watermelon seed and position watermelon as a potential oil crop, it is critical to understand the genetic factors associated with SOP and fatty acid composition. Although the fatty acid composition of watermelon seed is well documented, the underlying genetic basis has not yet been studied. Therefore, the current study aimed to elucidate the quality of watermelon seed oil and identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with fatty acid composition. Seed from an F2 population developed from a cross between an egusi type (PI 560023), known for its high SOP, and Strain II (PI 279261) was phenotyped for palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), and linoleic acid (18:2). Significant (P < 0.05) correlations were found between palmitic and oleic acid (0.24), palmitic and linoleic acid (–0.37), stearic and linoleic acid (–0.21), and oleic and linoleic acid (–0.92). A total of eight quantitative trait loci (QTL) were associated with fatty acid composition with a QTL for oleic and linoleic acid colocalizing on chromosome (Chr) 6. Eighty genes involved in fatty biosynthesis including those modulating the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were identified from the functionally annotated genes on the watermelon draft genome. Several fatty acid biosynthesis genes were found within and in close proximity to the QTL identified in this study. A gene (Cla013264) homolog to fatty acid elongase (FAE) was found within the 1.5-likelihood-odds (LOD) interval of the QTL for palmitic acid (R2 = 7.6%) on Chr 2, whereas Cla008157, a homolog to omega-3-fatty acid desaturase and Cla008263, a homolog to FAE, were identified within the 1.5-LOD interval of the QTL for palmitic acid (R2 = 24.7%) on Chr 3. In addition, the QTL for palmitic acid on Chr 3 was located ≈0.60 Mbp from Cla002633, a gene homolog to fatty acyl- [acyl carrier protein (ACP)] thioesterase B. A gene (Cla009335) homolog to ACP was found within the flanking markers of the QTL for oleic acid (R2 = 17.9%) and linoleic acid (R2 = 21.5%) on Chr 6, whereas Cla010780, a gene homolog to acyl-ACP desaturase was located within the QTL for stearic acid (R2 = 10.2%) on Chr 7. On Chr 8, another gene (Cla013862) homolog to acyl-ACP desaturase was found within the 1.5-LOD interval of the QTL for oleic acid (R2 = 13.5%). The genes identified in this study are possible candidates for the development of functional markers for application in marker-assisted selection for fatty acid composition in watermelon seed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that aimed to elucidate genetic control of the fatty acid composition of watermelon seed.

scholarly journals Identification of Organic Constituents in Cooking Oil by Adding Turmeric as a Potential Antioxidant Agent

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 8904-8914
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Turmeric Extract

The objective of this study to compare the fatty acids composition in cooking oil from repeated frying without added turmeric extract and added. The research design is testing the composition of fatty acids in repeated cooking oil using two types of treatment, namely cooking oil from frying without adding turmeric extract and cooking oil from frying with 0.03% turmeric extract added with 10 times frying repeat because it is suspected that repeated frying will increase the composition of fatty acids in cooking oil. The analysis of fatty acids was conducted using gas chromatography. Based on these results that the fatty acid components were produced of saturated fatty acids, namely lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, whereas unsaturated fatty acids also detected such as elaidic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, cis-11-eicosadienoic acid, linolenic acid, and cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid. The highest saturated fatty acid content in cooking oil before frying is palmitic acid (30.88%), whereas unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid (35.86%). The highest content of saturated fatty acids in cooking oil has been added turmeric extract before frying is palmitic acid (28.5%), while unsaturated fatty acid of oleic acid was 32.97%.

Seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii, an Energy-Rich Diet

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Huang ◽  
Ping He ◽  
Klaus P. Bader ◽  
Alfons Radunz ◽  
Georg H. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Trichosanthes Kirilowii

Abstract The kernels of Trichosanthes kirilowii seeds contain a green oil which makes up for 62% of their dry matter. This oil consists up to 95% of triglycerides, 2% of glycolipids, 1.3% of phospholipids and 1.8% of chlorophylls. As fatty acid components the triglycerides, glycolipids and phospholipids contain the unsaturated fatty acids linoleic and oleic acid and the saturated palmitic acid. In the triglycerides 19% of the C18:3 acid occur with the configuration Δ9 cis, Δ11 trans. Δ13 cis. This acid is called trichosanic acid and is absent in glycolipids and phospholipids which contain instead another C 18:3 fatty acid, which has conjugated double bounds and occurs with an amount of 21% and 3%, respectively. Typically, these oil seeds contain in addition up to 30% of their dry matter proteins and up to 2.5% mono- and oligosaccharides. The monosaccharides consist of rhamnose, galactose and glucose and the oligosaccharides represent a mixture of tri- and tetrasaccharides.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and fatty acid profile of gabiroba seed (Campomanesisa Xanthocarpa Berg)

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marli da Silva Santos ◽  
Obdulio Gomes Miguel ◽  
Carmen Lúcia Oliveira Petkowicz ◽  
Lys Mary Bileski Cândido
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Solvent Polarity ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and fatty acid profile of gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg) seeds. In order to obtain the extract, the seeds were dried, crushed, and subjected to sequential extraction by maceration and percolation in a modified soxhlet extractor using solvent polarity gradient composed of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and alcohol, respectively. The extraction time was six hours. The ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant potential, given by the EC50 value and the amount of total phenolic compounds. High amounts of unsaturated fatty acids were found in the oil studied, especially the oleic acid.

scholarly journals Antagonism Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in ROS Mediated Lipotoxicity in Rat Insulin-Producing Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 852-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke Gehrmann ◽  
Wiebke Würdemann ◽  
Thomas Plötz ◽  
Anne Jörns ◽  
Sigurd Lenzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Insulin Producing Cells ◽  
H2o2 Formation

Background/Aims: Elevated levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are under suspicion to mediate β-cell dysfunction and β-cell loss in type 2 diabetes, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. Whereas saturated fatty acids show a strong cytotoxic effect upon insulin-producing cells, unsaturated fatty acids are not toxic and can even prevent toxicity. Experimental evidence suggests that oxidative stress mediates lipotoxicity and there is evidence that the subcellular site of ROS formation is the peroxisome. However, the interaction between unsaturated and saturated NEFAs in this process is unclear. Methods: Toxicity of rat insulin-producing cells after NEFA incubation was measured by MTT and caspase assays. NEFA induced H2O2 formation was quantified by organelle specific expression of the H2O2 specific fluorescence sensor protein HyPer. Results: The saturated NEFA palmitic acid had a significant toxic effect on the viability of rat insulin-producing cells. Unsaturated NEFAs with carbon chain lengths >14 showed, irrespective of the number of double bonds, a pronounced protection against palmitic acid induced toxicity. Palmitic acid induced H2O2 formation in the peroxisomes of insulin-producing cells. Oleic acid incubation led to lipid droplet formation, but in contrast to palmitic acid induced neither an ER stress response nor peroxisomal H2O2 generation. Furthermore, oleic acid prevented palmitic acid induced H2O2 production in the peroxisomes. Conclusion: Thus unsaturated NEFAs prevent deleterious hydrogen peroxide generation during peroxisomal β-oxidation of long-chain saturated NEFAs in rat insulin-producing cells.

scholarly journals High rates of [1-14C]acetate incorporation into the lipid of isolated spinach chloroplasts

1976 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
P G Roughan ◽  
C R Slack ◽  
R Holland
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Spinach Chloroplasts ◽  
Triton X

Spinach chloroplasts, isolated by techniques yielding preparations with high O2- evolving activity, showed rates of light-dependent acetate incorporation into lipids 3-4 fold higher than any previously reported. Incorporation rates as high as 500 nmol of acetate/h per mg of chlorophyll were measured in buffered sorbitol solutions containing only NaHCO3 and [1-14C]acetate, and as high as 800 nmol/h per mg of chlorophyll when 0.13 mM-Triton X-100 was also included in the reaction media. The fatty acids synthesized were predominantly oleic (70-80% of the total fatty acid radioactivity) and palmitic (20-25%) with only minor amounts (1-5%) of linoleic acid. Linolenic acid synthesis was not detected in the system in vitro. Free fatty acids accounted for 70-90% of the radioactivity incorporated and the remainder was shared fairly evenly between 1,2-diacylglycerols and polar lipids. Oleic acid constituted 80-90% of the free fatty acids synthesized, but the diacylglycerols and polar lipids contained slightly more palmitic acid than oleic acid. Triton X-100 stimulated the synthesis of diacylglycerols 3-6 fold, but stimulated free fatty acid synthesis only 1-1.5-fold. Added glycerol 1-phosphate stimulated both the synthesis of diacylglycerols and palmitic acid relative to oleic acid, but did not increase acetate incorporation into total chloroplast lipids. CoA and ATP, when added separately, stimulated acetate incorporation into chloroplast lipids to variable extents and had no effect on the types of lipid synthesized, but when added together resulted in 34% of the incorporated acetate appearing in long-chain acyl-CoA. Pyruvate was a much less effective precursor of chloroplast fatty acids than was acetate.

scholarly journals Acute postprandial effect of hydrogenated fish oil, palm oil and lard on plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid metabolism in normocholesterolaemic males

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie M. Cantwell ◽  
Mary A.T. Flynn ◽  
Michael J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Postprandial Response ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The majority of research has focused on the association betweentransunsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) from hydrogenated vegetable oils and heart disease even though TUFA are also produced from hydrogenated fish oil. We compared the acute effect of three solid fats on postprandial cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG) and NEFA concentrations in normocholesterolaemic males. Eight healthy male volunteers consumed each of the three 40g fat meals (partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO), palm oil and lard) in random order and blood samples were drawn at 2, 4, 6 and 8h thereafter for lipid analysis. The postprandial response in plasma TAG, TAG-rich lipoprotein-TAG (TRL-TAG), total cholesterol and plasma NEFA, measured as the area under the postprandial curve, was not significantly different between the three meals (p>0·05), which varied in MUFA, PUFA and TUFA content. There was no marked elevation of longer-chain fatty acids (C20–22,cisortransisomers) into the TRL-TAG fraction following the PHFO meal even though they provided 40% of the total fatty acids in the PHFO meal. The postprandial TRL-TAG response to PHFO was expected to be higher, as it is higher in TUFA, lower in PUFA and similar in saturated fatty acid composition compared with the lard and palm oil test meals. The absence of a higher postprandial response following ingestion of PHFO could be as a result of reduced absorption and increased oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (bothcisandtransisomers)

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