Effects of Yeast Product Addition and Fermentation Temperature on Lipid Composition, Taste and Mouthfeel Characteristics of Pinot Noir Wine

Lipids have important impacts on wine sensory. By targeting the lipid sources in wine, mainly from grape tissues and yeast cell walls, it was possible to alter the wine lipid profile thus potentially changing the final product quality. This research examined the changes of wine total lipids, lipid composition and sensory characteristics of Pinot noir wines in response to the winemaking factors, fermentation temperature and yeast product addition. Pinot noir grapes were fermented at 16 °C and 27 °C. After fermentation, Oenolees® yeast product was added to the wines at three levels (0 g/L, 0.5 g/L and 1.0 g/L). The six wine treatments were subjected to chemical analyses measuring total lipids and an untargeted lipidomic approach analyzing lipid composition. High temperature fermentation wines had significantly higher total lipid content. Random forest analysis distinguished the wine groups based on the 25 main lipids, including free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, diglycerides, triglycerides and phospholipids. Taste and mouthfeel characteristics of each treatment were assessed using descriptive analysis and check-all-that-apply (CATA) techniques. Multivariate analyses showed that changing fermentation temperature significantly impacted sweetness and drying perception in Pinot noir wines. Yeast product addition had nuanced effects on wine lipid profiles and sensory perception.

Comparative Analysis of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Beaked Redfish Sebastes mentella Travin, 1951 Collected in Wild and in Commercial Products

The lipid and fatty acid profile of muscles in beaked redfish, caught and fixed in the wild versus specimens from food supermarkets (“commercial”), were evaluated, as well as the health implications of this popular food for its consumers based on the calculation of nutritional quality indexes. The contents of the total lipids (TLs), total phospholipids (PLs), monoacylglycerols (MAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol (Chol), Chol esters, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and wax esters were determined by HPTLC; the phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were determined by HPLC; and fatty acids of total lipids were determined using GC. The TL content was higher in commercial products due to DA and NEFAs, among PL fractions the content of LysoPC was also higher. The results indicated multidirectional processes of slight degradation of lipids in commercial products in comparison to wild. The flesh lipid quality index was lower due to EPA and DHA in commercial specimens while the index of thrombogenicity was significantly higher. The differences in the quantities of lipid classes between muscle biopsy regions in fish apparently corroborate the morphology and physiology of deep-water fish.

Intermittent normobaric hypoxia as a method of correction and prevention of functional changes in old age

The study involved men aged 60-65 years. The course of intermittent normobaric hypoxia (APG) was carried out for 3 weeks with breathing hypoxic gas mixture with 18-15-13-10% O2. Before and after the course, the reactivity of the cardiovascular system and blood system, physical performance were evaluated. It has been established that the course of APG increases oxidative metabolism, leads to a decrease in the level of sugar, total lipids and low-density lipids in the blood, an increase in the number of red blood cells, helps to reduce and stabilize blood pressure, increase physical performance of the elderly. The results of the study indicate the possibility of using APG as a method of correction and prevention of functional changes in the elderly. Key words: hypoxia, old age, blood, physical performance.

Secondary Metabolite Profiling, Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Activity of Neptunia triquetra (Vahl) Benth

The present study aimed to analyze the phytoconstituents of Neptunia triquetra (Vahl) Benth. Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of ethanol (EE), chloroform (CE) and dichloromethane (DCME) of stem extracts were evaluated using in vivo experimental models. The extracts were analyzed for phytoconstituents using GC-HRMS. Anti-inflammatory activity of CE, EE and DCME was accessed using carrageenan-induced paw oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and the carrageenan-induced air-pouch model in Wistar albino rats. The hepatotoxicity-induced animal models were investigated for the biochemical markers in serum (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, total lipids and total protein) and liver (total protein, total lipids, GSH and wet liver weight). In the in vivo study, animals were divided into different groups (six in each group) for accessing the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity, respectively. GC-HRMS analysis revealed the presence of 102 compounds, among which 24 were active secondary metabolites. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of stem extracts was found in the order: indomethacin > chloroform extract (CE) > dichloromethane extract (DCME) > ethanolic extract (EE), and hepatoprotective activity of stem extracts in the order: CE > silymarin > EE > DCME. The results indicate that N. triquetra stem has a higher hepatoprotective effect than silymarin, however the anti-inflammatory response was in accordance with or lower than indomethacin.

Can Fish and Shellfish Species from the Black Sea Supply Health Beneficial Amounts of Bioactive Fatty Acids?

Fatty acids (FA) are among the most important natural biologically active compounds. A healthy diet involves the intake of different fatty acids especially from omega-3 (n-3) series. Seafood provides a very good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but in Bulgaria there is limited information regarding the n-3 PUFA contents in traditionally consumed seafood by the population. The aims of this study were to determine lipid content, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA), and the recommended daily intake of eleven fish species, three bivalves, rapana, and shrimp harvested in the Western part of Black Sea, Bulgaria. Total lipids were extracted according to the method of Blight and Dyer and fatty acid composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Fatty acid profile showed differences among species. PUFA were found in high content among total lipids, especially in shellfish (60.67–68.9% of total lipids) compared to fish species (19.27–34.86% of total lipids). EPA was found in higher amounts in rapana (0.16 g/100 g ww) and two of pelagic species (up to 0.29 g/100 g ww), whereas DHA prevailed in demersal and the most of pelagic fish (0.16–1.92 g/100 g ww) and bivalves (0.16–1.92 g/100 g ww). The health beneficial n3/n6 and PUFA/SFA ratios were found in all analyzed species. The lower values of the lipid nutritional quality indices (AI < 1, TI < 1) and higher for h/H index (0.8–1.78 for fish and 1.52 to 4.67 for bivalves and shrimp) confirm that the commonly consumed Black Sea fish and shellfish may provide health benefits for local populations. This study shows the seafood amounts that can provide the minimum recommended intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Effect of Starvatıon on the Mobilization of Fatty Acids from Tail Fat from Rams

In ruminants, adipose tissue performs 3 functions: synthesis of fatty acids, accumulation in the form of a reserve, and mobilization. After the esterification of fatty acids with the collected energy in adipocytes, triacyl-glycerols are born, and the esterification of fatty acids occurs by the α-glycerol-phosphate pathway. The volume of adipose tissue is determined not by the number of adiposites, but by their size. The metabolic activity of adiposites does not depend on the volume of fat collected in it or the volume of cytoplasm. This process in animals is regulated by energy balance. The purpose of the work was to study lipid metabolism and mobilization of fatty acids from tail fat during starvation in rams of the Karadolak and Bozag breeds. Materials and methods. A complex surgical operation was carried out according to the method of A. Aliyev on 9 heads of male rams of the Karabakh breed, the Karadolak line, the average live weight of which was 45.0±1.70 kg. Catheters were implanted in each ram in the carotid artery, in the portal vein of the liver, in the mesenteric vein and in the posterior vena cava (pointing towards the tail). Thus, from the difference in the concentration of metabolites in the arterial blood and in the blood of the portal vein, we obtained the data on the net absorption of metabolites from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood. And from the difference in lipid metabolites in arterial blood and in the blood of the posterior vena cava, we obtained data on their mobilization from tail fat. Results and discussion. The studies carried out have studied the effect of a fasting diet on the mobilization of fatty acids from tail fat. It became known that in rams of the Bozag and Karadolak breeds, during starvation, in order to meet the energy requirements of the body, there is a strong mobilization of total lipids and long-chain fatty acids. This process is most intensive in sheep of the Karadolak line, the Karabakh breed. In both breeds of sheep, during starvation, the amount of oleic acid in the lipids of the blood plasma taken from the posterior vena cava increased, and on the 5th day it reached its peak. This is due to the fact that the amount of oleic acid in the tail fat is higher compared to other fats. Therefore, after feeding, in both breeds of sheep, the amount of this acid decreased in plasma lipids, both arterial and venous (posterior vena cava) blood. After feeding A-B difference was positive. The percentage of linolenic and linoleic acids did not change during starvation in both breeds of sheep. Of the acids with carbon atom 20, dynamic changes have occurred in arachidonic acid. Since arachidonic acid is synthesized from linoleic acid, a close relationship of these acids in the blood is observed. During fasting, when linoleic acid is not supplied with food, the amount of arachidic acid in lipids decreased in blood plasma taken from the posterior vena cava. So, in sheep of the Karadolak breed, the amount of this acid decreased from 3.75 to 2.60, and in the Bozag breed from 5.24 to 2.33. Conclusion. In both breeds of sheep, in order to satisfy the body's need for energy, in connection with a starvation diet, there is a strong mobilization of total lipids and long-chain fatty acids from internal fat and tail fat. It should be noted that this process is clearly expressed in rams of the Karabakh breed of the Karadolak line

Seasonal Nutritional Profile of Gelidium corneum (Rhodophyta, Gelidiaceae) from the Center of Portugal

Gelidium corneum is a well-known agarophyte, harvested worldwide for its high agar quality. However, the species also exhibits an interesting nutritional profile, but with seasonal variations. Therefore, to evaluate the nutritional value of G. corneum, ash, crude protein, total lipids, and carbohydrates were analyzed at different times of the year. The heavy metals mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and tin, as well as iodine were also measured. Finally, the seasonal antioxidant capacity of G. corneum extracts was evaluated. Our results indicate that the biomass is rich in protein (up to 16.25 ± 0.33%) and carbohydrates (up to 39.5 ± 3.29%), and low in lipids (up to 2.75 ± 0.28%), and especially in the summer, the AI, TI indexes, n-6/n-3 and h/H ratios (0.93, 0.6, 0.88 and 1.08, respectively) are very interesting. None of the contaminants exceeded the legally established limits, and the iodine values were adequate for a healthy diet. Finally, the antioxidant capacity is fair, with the DPPH £ 10.89 ± 1.46%, and ABTS £ 13.90 ± 1.54% inhibition, FRAP £ 0.91 ± 0.22 AAE.g−1, and TPC £ 6.82 ± 0.26 GAE.g−1. The results show that G. corneum is an attractive resource, with potential use as food or as a food supplement.

PSX-A-14 Late-Breaking: Lipid digestibility of a rumen-protected fatty acids product

The development of a rumen-protected fatty acid (RPFA) product can make the product undigestible in the small intestine. The objective of this experiment was to measure the digestibility of two prototype feeds RPFA enriched with omega-3. Twenty-four Leghorn cockerels (85-week-old, 2.5 kg body weight) were individually caged and assigned randomly to 4 treatments, with 6 cockerels per treatment. Cockerels were fasted for 24 h and after this period the cockerels were tube fed 40 g of 4 different treatment diets: T1) 80% corn and 20% crystalline cellulose, T2) 80% corn and 20% unprotected RPFA, T3) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 3 hours, and T4) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 6 hours. The RUPFA ingredients were 55% modified soy lecithin, 40% fish oil, 5% dextrose. The protection treatment of RPFA is described in the pending patent (US 2020/0197346 A1). After 48 h all the excreta from the cockerels was collected and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 72 h. Dried excreta samples and diets were analyzed for total lipids. Data were analyzed as complete randomized block design using linear mixed model. Lipid digestibility was different for treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Lipid digestibility was lesser (P &lt; 0.01) for T1 compared with T2, T3, and T4 (87.6% vs 96.8%, 95.5%, and 96.4% (± 0.34) for T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively). There were no differences (P &gt; 0.1) between T2, T3, and T4. We conclude from these data that the processing of the RPFA product does not change the digestibility of the lipids in non-ruminants.