scholarly journals GÉNERO, INVESTIGAÇÃO E ENSINO SUPERIOR

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Liliana Ibeth Castañeda-Rentería ◽  
Emília Rodrigues Araújo ◽  
Victor F. A. Barros
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Specific Intervention ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Empirical Demonstration ◽  
Latin American Countries

Matters related to time, academia and science are increasingly on the agenda. The current moment of pandemic crisis demonstrates the relevance and attention that needs to be paid to gender inequalities that present themselves in several dimensions of social life and that affect people's social trajectories. The preparation of this issue of BRAJETS journal was motivated by this attempt to give voice to studies carried out on the theme of gender and academia, which, along with the empirical demonstration, present ideas and policy recommendations that promote reflexivity on gender inequalities and alert for some specific intervention measures in the context of higher education and research institutions worldwide. The texts reunited in this issue have elucidate more concretely what is the reality in different political and social settings, including European and Latin American countries and allowing comparisons at an international and, somehow, global level.

Green Growth in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile

2016 ◽  
pp. 203-237
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Martinez-Zarzoso ◽  
Nicole Grunewald
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Green Growth ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Growth Indicators

This research focuses on identifying the main policy strategies that could potentially contribute to the advance of three Latin American economies, namely Brazil, Chile and Mexico towards a green growth model that is social and inclusive, given the actual patterns of development of those economies. With this aim, we first identify and describe past and current policies in each country in terms of economic, social and environmental indicators. A detailed analysis follows for Brazil, Chile and Mexico, in which we propose a series of green growth indicators and choose a definition and classification of green growth sectors. We estimate an empirical model to explain the determinants of greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation in Latin American countries. We broadly identify the sectors that contribute to its increase and describe the main green policies applied in each country. In turn we identify the sectors with higher potential for the future. Finally, we present policy recommendations and reflections for the future.

scholarly journals Non-Contributory Benefits, Pension Re-Reforms and the Social Protection of Older Women in Latin America

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Arza
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Latin American Countries

Gender inequalities are a key issue for most pension systems in Latin America. Contributory pension schemes that link benefit entitlements to work and earnings tend to reflect in the benefits they offer the gender gaps that prevail in the labour market. This deepened with the implementation of individual private accounts as part of structural pension reforms in a number of countries. This article evaluates how recent pension policies, including measures geared to coverage expansion and so-called pension ‘re-reforms’, have addressed gender gaps in pensions in four Latin American countries. It shows that the expansion of non-contributory pensions and a greater emphasis on redistribution are important for the protection of older women in a context of gendered labour markets and the unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work between women and men. Looking at the cases of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile, the article identifies progress but also the persistence of gender gaps in pensions and emphasises the need for further measures to promote adequate social protection for older women.

scholarly journals Automation in Latin America: Are Women at Higher Risk of Losing Their Jobs?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monserrat Bustelo ◽  
Pablo Egana-delSol ◽  
Laura Ripani ◽  
Nicolas Soler ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
The Future ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
And Robotics

New technological trends, such as digitization, artificial intelligence and robotics, have the power to drastically increase economic output but may also displace workers. In this paper we assess the risk of automation for female and male workers in four Latin American countries Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and El Salvador. Our study is the first to apply a task-based approach with a gender perspective in this region. Our main findings indicate that men are more likely than women to perform tasks linked to the skills of the future, such as STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), information and communications technology, management and communication, and creative problem-solving tasks. Women thus have a higher average risk of automation, and 21% of women vs. 19% of men are at high risk (probability of automation greater than 70%). The differential impacts of the new technological trends for women and men must be assessed in order to guide the policy-making process to prepare workers for the future. Action should be taken to prevent digital transformation from worsening existing gender inequalities in the labor market.

Taxpayers' Attitudes towards Tax Evasion in Latin American Countries

2014 ◽  
pp. 73-104
Author(s):  
Müslüm Basılgan ◽  
Bryan Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax Morale ◽  
Satisfaction With Democracy ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Consumption Taxes ◽  
Latin American Countries

The weight of the state in economic and social life is very important even if it might differ from country to country. The state provides particular public services and needs to the various funding sources to provide these services. Taxes constitute the largest share of financial sources needed by the state to operate effectively. However, taxes are often not welcomed by taxpayers, creating the unwanted behavior of tax evasion. The purpose of this chapter is to reveal the tax structures of Latin American countries and to examine tax morale as an important determinant in shaping the attitudes of taxpayers in Latin America. This chapter shows the most important component of tax revenues in Latin American countries constitutes consumption taxes instead of income taxes, in contrast to developed regions such as those in OECD countries. It shows the tax structure in Latin American countries reflects the typical tax structure in developing countries. It is also observed that average tax morale is higher in South American countries, such as Venezuela, Paraguay, and Argentina, than in other areas, although it has a changing property over time. Moreover, the chapter shows tax morale is associated with financial indicators (satisfaction with income, the present economic situation, income distribution, and the functioning of the market economy), policy indicators (satisfaction with democracy, confidence with government), and demographic indicators (age, education).

scholarly journals «Эко-территориальный сдвиг» и новые социальные движения Латинской Америки

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-181
Author(s):  
Alexandr A. Shinkarenko
Keyword(s):  
Human Impact ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Global Level ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
American Society ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Latin American Society ◽  
Latin American Development

Considering the questions of Latin-American development is impossible without taking into account the existing environmental problems of the region. The human impact on the environment gave birth to new challenges, which were initially perceived as a local, but later moved to the global level. The so-called «eco-territorial turn» that we can observe in some Latin American countries was a reaction to the expansion of the neoextractivist policy of the authorities, which support the «Consensus of Commodities». The latter brought new forms of inequality and potential conflicts to the Latin American society. In our opinion, these trends can be seen not only as local forms of the mentioned problems, but also as possible ways to resolve them.

Capital Flight, Saving Rate and the Golden Rate Level of Capital Policy Recommendations for Latin American Countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin L. Vespignani
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Saving Rate ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Indirect Taxation ◽  
Rate Level ◽  
Latin American Countries

This paper seeks to analyze the determinants of capital flight in selected Latin American countries throughtout the 1990s, and gives some insights into what economic policies would be adequate under capital flight conditions. Finding empirically, the saving rate to be a new determinant of capital flight, this paper discusses whether or not acheiving the golden rule level of capital would be desirable and what source of government revenue (direct or indirect taxation) would be appropriate under those conditions.

Green Growth in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile

2017 ◽  
pp. 201-233
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Martinez-Zarzoso ◽  
Nicole Grunewald
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Green Growth ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Growth Indicators

This research focuses on identifying the main policy strategies that could potentially contribute to the advance of three Latin American economies, namely Brazil, Chile and Mexico towards a green growth model that is social and inclusive, given the actual patterns of development of those economies. With this aim, we first identify and describe past and current policies in each country in terms of economic, social and environmental indicators. A detailed analysis follows for Brazil, Chile and Mexico, in which we propose a series of green growth indicators and choose a definition and classification of green growth sectors. We estimate an empirical model to explain the determinants of greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation in Latin American countries. We broadly identify the sectors that contribute to its increase and describe the main green policies applied in each country. In turn we identify the sectors with higher potential for the future. Finally, we present policy recommendations and reflections for the future.

Trade Liberalization and Growth: Recent Experiences in Latin America

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel R. Agosin ◽  
Ricardo Ffrench-Davis
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
The World ◽  
Latin American Countries

In recent years, many Latin American countries (LACs) have embarked upon trade liberalization drives. This article reviews the radical changes in trade policy which this has entailed, together with the current and foreseeable results, and offers some policy recommendations regarding complementary measures.The first sustained experience with trade liberalization in recent decades was in Chile, which launched a process in the 1970s that, by the end of that decade, had made its economy one of the most open in the world.

Taxpayers' Attitudes towards Tax Evasion in Latin American Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 1368-1401
Author(s):  
Müslüm Basılgan ◽  
Bryan Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax Morale ◽  
Satisfaction With Democracy ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Consumption Taxes ◽  
Latin American Countries

The weight of the state in economic and social life is very important even if it might differ from country to country. The state provides particular public services and needs to the various funding sources to provide these services. Taxes constitute the largest share of financial sources needed by the state to operate effectively. However, taxes are often not welcomed by taxpayers, creating the unwanted behavior of tax evasion. The purpose of this chapter is to reveal the tax structures of Latin American countries and to examine tax morale as an important determinant in shaping the attitudes of taxpayers in Latin America. This chapter shows the most important component of tax revenues in Latin American countries constitutes consumption taxes instead of income taxes, in contrast to developed regions such as those in OECD countries. It shows the tax structure in Latin American countries reflects the typical tax structure in developing countries. It is also observed that average tax morale is higher in South American countries, such as Venezuela, Paraguay, and Argentina, than in other areas, although it has a changing property over time. Moreover, the chapter shows tax morale is associated with financial indicators (satisfaction with income, the present economic situation, income distribution, and the functioning of the market economy), policy indicators (satisfaction with democracy, confidence with government), and demographic indicators (age, education).

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