scholarly journals NAJSTARSZE (XI-XII W.) FIGURY SZACHOWE WYKONANE W STYLISTYCE ABSTRAKCYJNEJ ARABSKIEJ Z TERENU POLSKI , NA TLE TRENDÓW EUROPEJSKICH ZWIĄZANYCH Z POCZĄTKOWYMI FAZAMI ADAPTACJI W EUROPIE

2021 ◽  
pp. 285-315
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Stempin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Board Game ◽  
Mathematical Aspect ◽  
Ideal Society ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World

Chess is a board game, in the Middle Ages referred to as a tabula. During the long way it took since its origin in India in the 6th century until modern times, the subsequent communities left their own, inimitable cultural marks. In India, chess had a deeply mystical nature; Persians used chess to picture the world as a battlefield; Arabs systematised many concepts and took note of the mathematical aspect; Europe made use of chess to define rules that should apply to an ideal society. This shows a perfect understanding of the balance on the chessboard, the mutual dependencies and consistent actions leading to success – both when playing and creating social life. Medieval literature provides an excellent basis for studies of the intertwining cultural trends and describing the reality. In the literature, elements based on playing chess are oftentimes among the postulated modes of education. However, the ideas encountered by the potential users of chess tournaments were best communicated by the figures and the accumulated plethora of notions. An analysis of the changes affecting jackstraws at an early stage of the game’s adaptation in Europe and other territories which took over chess as cultural models, leads to a conclusion that the material from the 11th-12th centuries that comes from Polish collections matches many Latin trends and shows considerable knowledge thereof.

Mikael Males, ed., Etymology and Wordplay in Medieval Literature. Disputatio, 30. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers n.v., 2018, 272 pp., 10 ill.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 320-322
Author(s):  
Robert E. Bjork
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
The World

During the logocentric Middle Ages, etymology and wordplay helped exegetes, philosophers, theologians, and poets understand the world and the world’s relationship to the divine. The case studies presented in this useful and fascinating collection of essays demonstrate how.

scholarly journals Jewish philosophy as a Direction of the World philosophy of Modern and Contemporary Times

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-442
Author(s):  
I Dvorkin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Leo Strauss ◽  
Franz Rosenzweig ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
Marginal Part ◽  
The World ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Jewish Philosophy

This article represents an analysis of the Jewish philosophy of the Modern and Contemporary as the holistic phenomenon. In contrast to antiquity and the Middle Ages, when philosophy was a rather marginal part of Jewish thought, in Modern Times Jewish philosophy is formed as a distinct part of the World philosophy. Despite the fact that representatives of Jewish philosophy wrote in different languages and actively participated in the different national schools of philosophy, their work has internal continuity and integrity. The article formulates the following five criteria for belonging to Jewish philosophy: belonging to philosophy itself; reliance on Jewish sources; the addressee of Jewish philosophy is an educated European; intellectual continuity (representatives of the Jewish philosophy of Modern and Contemporary Periods support each other, argue with each other and protect each other from possible attacks from other schools); working with a set of specific topics, such as monism, ethics and ontology, the significance of behavior and practical life, politics, the problem of man, intelligence, language and hermeneutics of the text, Athens and Jerusalem, dialogism. The article provides a list of the main authors who satisfy these criteria. The central ones can be considered Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza, Moshe Mendelssohn, Shlomo Maimon, German Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, Josef Dov Soloveichik, Leo Strauss, Abraham Yehoshua Heshel, Eliezer Berkovich, Emil Fackenheim, Mordechai Kaplan, Emmanuel Levinas. The main conclusion of the article is that by the end of the 20th century Jewish philosophy, continuing both the traditions of classical European philosophy and Judaism, has become an important integral part of Western thought.

Prodesse et delectare: The World of National Literatures and the World of Literature

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
HERBERT GRABES
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Literary Histories ◽  
The 19Th Century

In a survey of the writing of literary histories in Europe, it is first pointed out that, in classical Antiquity and in the early Christian period from the fourth to the 12th centuries, such histories were transnational. After the Middle Ages, in which we find only catalogues of particular libraries, the rise of the European nation states in early modern times motivated the writing of national literary histories. With a concentration on the development in Britain, it is then shown that this development reached its peak in the 19th century, yet is still very strong today. In comparison, some examples of histories of European literature show that such transnational histories may also be informed primarily by the principle of prodesse in presenting either written culture or only what seems favourable for the understanding of national literary history; they may, however, also give more attention to literature and the imagination than to nations or culture and in that way foster delectare.

scholarly journals GAME PHENOMENON IN MEDIEVAL CULTURE

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The World ◽  
Poetic Text ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Performing Art ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages added their own ludological culture traditions to those which they had inherited from the Ancient Ages. First of all, such notions were connected with the form of existence and perceiving the Christianity which was a basis for the whole civilization. Epistemological notions of those times were also built in accordance to those norms of world outlook. A cognitive act of an individual was understood as entrance of the subject to the world of general tragic game where he is risen up from sensual forms of being to being of over-sensual beauty, which is defined only through forms of mental cognition and through beauty to over-essential being of its Creator. Philosophical thought of the Middle Ages inherited the Platonic ludological tradition. According to these notions, personal creativity of an individual (artistic, scientific etc.) was understood as being identical with cognition and perceived only as reproduction, retrieval of what had already been programmed by the Creator, that is, as a game and through the game. The brightest page of the Middle Ages is connected with chivalry and its comprehension because the phenomenon of chivalry is the top of medieval culture, its ethical and esthetical ideal, which was over-thought by its self-consciousness as a form of game. Distribution of roles covered all main manifestations of individual’s life. Therefore even usual outside manifestation of any personal emotions by an individual in his public life (happiness, satisfaction, anger, despair, sadness and so on) was subject to this “role dictate”. So, a sphere of public emotions display by an individual was also predetermined by imperativeness of his own social role he was playing. We can speak about consciousness of those times perceiving a poetic text as a played game and author art as predominantly performing art. Then constancy of plots and anonymity of works, which is a feature of medieval literature, becomes more understandable; as every author perceived it as a script and tried to play his role as best as possible; his role was written down as a corresponding    text. Moreover, we should add that a similar game was predetermined also by some other peculiarities of medieval mentality. The reason is that medieval people tried to identify themselves with a certain sample which had already had a certain approbation, to achieve full self-expression and make this self-expression understandable for the society. A role was determined and a model of behavior was built according to the admitted interpretation of this sample and its allegoric meanings (most often, there were widely known Biblical images). These established forms of self-expression made processes of understanding and interpersonal dialogue easier.

scholarly journals THE MODELLING OF THE SETTLEMENTS OF 11th—13th CENTURIES. BASING ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES REMAINS OF TEREBOVLYA PRINCEDOM

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-57
Author(s):  
O. V. Manigda
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Settlement Structure ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Area Of Influence

The purpose of the paper is to construct the model reconstructing the settlement structure inside the border of the Terebovlya princedom. The different types of archaeological sites since 10th till 13th cent. have been analyzed. These 710 sites are the source for researching the region’s settlement structure and the reconstruction of the settlements is based on it. Soil coverings are analyzed and landscape types are reconstructed based on soil types. These tasks were realized by implementing the GIS «The Settlements of The Terebovlya Princedom». The analysis of mapped archaeological sites has revealed the several aspects in the terms of existence. In particular the process of construction of new fortified settlements was intensified at the end of the 10th cent. We can reliably associate this process with the inclusion of the region in the area of influence of the Old Rus state. Increase of the number of fortresses in the 11th cent. marks the establishment of the Terebovlya Princedom as an administrative unit of the Galician Land. The analysis of the sites existed during the 12th—13th cent. is testified to the tendency of the massive growth of fortified and especially, non-fortified rural settlements. This tendency is common to most regions of Old Rus state during that period. The number of new fortified settlements increased in 1.5 times, the number of new rural settlements — in 7.4 times. But what is particularly different is the lacuna in chronology of settlements dating by 10th—13th cent. Mostly, these sites do not contain layers of 11th century. This fact may be the archaeological proof of the conquests of Prince Volodymyr at the end of the 10th century in the region of Middle Dniester. Two stages of existence of the settlements reconstructed from archaeological sites are considered. At the early stage of functioning (11th cent.) there is a concentration of settlements in the northern part of the princedom, around the centers of social life traditionally, from the early periods (Krutyliv I, Bohit, Postolivka I). The chronology and the social role of these centers is the question which should be detailed. A two-stage cluster analysis, conducted for the ancient settlements revealed such degree of neighborhood: for the settlements of 11th cent. the average nearest neighbor index is about 6.9 km and for the settlements of 12th—13th cent. this number is about 2.7 km. The economic aspect of the settlement structure is shown through using of soils and landscapes by ancient society. The reconstructed landscapes based on the soil cover, shows us a dominance of deciduous (leaved) and meadow-steppe areas on this territory. And among the reconstructed deciduous landscapes, the percentage of ancient forests reached 65 % in the Middle Ages. At the first look the ancient settlements were located on the borders of landscapes, in ecotones, which indirectly, can confirm the mixed type of management (farming). The necessary baseline and supplementary data were prepared for the reconstruction of the paleo-economy during the process of modeling the settlements structure of the region and will form the basis for further research.

scholarly journals Global Middle Ages ou as virtudes do anacronismo. A lição do texto medieval

2019 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
pp. 117-149
Author(s):  
Carlos Carreto
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literature Mapping ◽  
History Of Literature

Has the Middle Ages invented globalization or revealed a clear consciousness of globality? On the other hand, may this anachronistic notion prove to be an appropriate and productive operative and analytical concept for rethinking medieval literature beyond its territorial and linguistic boundaries and the epistemological view of the world imposed by a (neo)positivist conception of the history of literature? Mapping the medieval literature in a global perspective implies a methodological repositioning and a process of deterritorialization of the concepts themselves that leads us to reinvest motives, forms, structuring notions (from the chivalric queste to the concept of romance as translatio, passing through the status of the marvelous) with new meanings and, consequently, new cultural and poetic implications.

scholarly journals The ecological techniques and materials in artistic graphic art

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00188
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Winczek ◽  
Jerzy Winczek
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Graphic Art ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Electrolytic Etching ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
The World ◽  
Ecological Thought ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ecological Thinking ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the paper, against the background of art and ecology associations, formerly and today, modern ecological techniques and materials used in artistic printmaking have been presented. The considerations were related to the culture of past centuries and searching for the threads of ecological thought in philosophy, religion or art. The development of ecological thinking in European art is traced from the Middle Ages to modern times. The trends, concepts and methods of environmental graphics are characterized in the context of development and research of these methods in the world and in Poland. The basic techniques of ecological intaglio (etching, soft varnish, aquatint, chipping, photopolymer techniques and electrolytic etching) are discussed. Alternative materials and procedures were proposed based on literature and authors’ own research. The advantages and benefits of using these techniques in ecological and workshop aspects were analyzed.

The Silencing of the World: Early Medieval Soundscapes and a New Aural Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-450
Author(s):  
Nira Pancer
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The World ◽  
World Point ◽  
Ancient Texts

While ancient texts contain many descriptions of soundscapes, early medieval literature remains largely silent. How can we explain the dwindling references to sound following the passage from antiquity to the early Middle Ages? Does this “silencing of the world” point to an alteration of the “objective” soundscape induced by changes in the material and physical environment, or does it indicate a deeper shift in the aural culture of the period? If there is reason to suppose that the decline in noise can be partly explained by an overall change in infrastructures, this transformation cannot account for the growing scarcity of sound references in the literature of the time. In order to understand this phenomenon, one must focus on the didactic character of hagiographic literature and on the theological motivations of its authors, whose goal was to sensitize their flock to a “sacred sonography.”

scholarly journals Global Middle Ages: Eastern Wisdom (Buddhistic) Teachings in Medieval European Literature. With a Focus on Barlaam and Josaphat

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. p10
Author(s):  
Albrecht Classen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
European Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Literary Histories

In contrast to many recent attempts to establish concepts and platforms to study global literature, and this also in the pre-modern world, this article claims to present much more concrete examples to confirm that a certain degree of globalism existed already in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. While numerous scholars/editors have simply invited many more voices from all over the world to the same ‘table,’ i.e., literary histories, which has not really provided more substance to the notion of ‘global,’ the study of translated texts, such as those dealing with Barlaam and Josaphat, clearly confirms that some core Indian ideas and values, as originally developed by Buddha, had migrated through many stages of translations, to high medieval literature in Europe.

Part I The Nature of Intangible Property, 8 Leases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smith Marcus ◽  
Leslie Nico
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Historical Origins ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter focuses on leases. Leases are most commonly associated with transactions involving land, and have been a feature of the law of real property since the Middle Ages. However, other forms of lease have become increasingly prominent in modern times. There are now major industries concerned with the leasing of chattels, such as vehicles or aircraft, and leases of intangible rights have become commonplace in the world of intellectual property. The key feature of such leases is that the lessee obtains the right to exclude others from using the relevant chattel or intellectual property. This is in contrast to a mere licence, by which the licensee obtains only the right to use the chattel or property himself. The chapter looks specifically at leases over land—its nature, historical origins, and whether they can be properly classified as choses in action.

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