A Novel Route for Conversion of Free Fatty Acids in Acidic Oils to Methyl Esters by In-Situ Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Lakshmi Ch ◽  
Uday Bhaskar R.V.S ◽  
Viswanath Kotra ◽  
Satyavathi Bankupalli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Higher Alcohol

Biodiesel from clean oils is comparatively easier than production from crude and non-edible oils. To achieve maximum yield of biodiesel, a two stage process is adopted in which non-edible oils are used as feed-stock: an acid catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids followed by base catalyzed transesterification. Presence of water formed during esterification reaction is detrimental to a viable transesterification process. In the present work, an alternate method for removal of water by in situ hydrolysis reaction of methyl acetate is introduced. The dehydration using methyl acetate during esterification has yielded good results as the soap formed during transesterification was minimal. The results indicated high conversion of triglycerides to methyl ester for lower oil to methanol ratio and at a lower temperature. For 1:3 molar ratio of oil to methanol, the conversion obtained was less than 90 percent and is equivalent to conversions with higher alcohol ratios during esterification in the absence of methyl acetate. These results are indicative of the fact that use of methyl acetate reduces the alcohol to oil ratio without affecting the conversions. Moreover, higher conversions are possible at lower temperatures in the presence of methyl acetate. It is further observed that the oils that are subjected to free fatty acid conversions in the presence of methyl acetate record very little soap formation during the transesterification reactions, thereby resulting in higher grade of biodiesel.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts.

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Nurul Asmawati Roslan ◽  
Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan ◽  
Norhayati Abdullah ◽  
Syamsul Bahari Abdullah ◽  
Sumaiya Zainal Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphate

<p>The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production.  Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification.  In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>). HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> and BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> were characterized by <sup>1</sup>H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> compared to HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved</p><p><em>Received: 21<sup>st</sup> January 2016; Revised: 29<sup>th</sup> February 2016; Accepted: 6<sup>th</sup> March 2016</em></p><strong>How to Cite:</strong> Roslan, N.A.,  Che Hasnan M.H., Abdullah, N., Abdullah, S.B., Abidin, S.Z. (2016). A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts. <em>Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis</em>, 11 (2): 182-191 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190)<p><strong>Permalink/DOI:</strong> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190">http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190</a></p>

scholarly journals Production of biodiesel by esterification and transesterification from waste cooking oils

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-127
Author(s):  
Elsy Arenas ◽  
Aidin Urribarrí ◽  
John Sánchez ◽  
Marisela Rincón ◽  
Karina Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Hcl Concentration ◽  
Cooking Oils

Large quantities of used vegetable oils (AVUs) are generated annually, as a result of food preparation, which can cause contamination of waters and soils, if they are not disposed of properly, but in turn have great potential in the production of biodiesel. In this work, the AVU collected from fast food establishments were subjected to an esterification pretreatment, varying the reaction conditions, molar ratio, catalyst concentration and time, to decrease the content of free fatty acids generated in the frying processes; after an alkaline transesterification. The initial acidity of the AVUs (10,08 ± 0,22 %) was found to drop below 1 % during esterification at 60 °C and 100 rpm, with RMAVU:MeOH of 1: 7 and HCl concentration of 0.3 % v/v, with a conversion of free fatty acids (FFA) to methyl esters of 94.48 and 98.61 % for reaction times of 4 and 6 hours, respectively. The previously esterified AVUs were subjected to a transesterification process with KOH as a catalyst in the presence of methanol, at 60 °C and 100 rpm, finding that the biodiesel produced was a mixture composed of the methyl esters of linoleic acids (57 %), palmitic (14 %), oleic (22 %), stearic (4 %) and elaidic (3 %). The highest concentration of methyl esters (93,797 ± 0.685 g.L-1) was obtained when using the esterified AVU during 6 hours of reaction. FTIR spectra confirmed the conversion of fatty acids to methyl esters, so this product could be used as a biofuel.

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfated Cobalt–Tin Mixed Oxide Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamchai Nuithitikul ◽  
Worrapat Hasin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Mixed Oxide ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mixed Oxide Catalysts

Abstract In this study, sulfated tin oxide was modified with cobalt oxide resulting in sulfated cobalt–tin mixed oxide (SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2). For the first time, the catalytic activity of SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 for the esterification reaction of free fatty acids (FFA) in crude palm oil to produce methyl esters has been investigated. The effects of amount of Co and calcination temperature were studied. The properties of SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 were determined with N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and potentiometric titration. The esterification was carried out in a stirred-tank reactor equipped with a reflux condenser. The reaction conditions (methanol/oil ratio, catalyst size, catalyst loading and reaction time) were optimized. The results confirm that SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 is a promising catalyst in the production of methyl esters from FFA in crude palm oil. The addition of Co improved the reusability of sulfated tin oxide.

Conversion of the Free Fatty Acids of Cod Oil to Methyl Esters in situ

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ackman ◽  
L. R. Gallay ◽  
P. M. Jangaard ◽  
M. L. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Stable Product

The application of 2,2-dimethoxypropane to the in situ conversion of the free fatty acids of cod oil to methyl esters is successful in reducing the free fatty acid content to the order of 1%. This material, in the presence of a suitable acid catalyst, serves both as a water scavenger and a source of methanol for the esterification. Of the catalysts examined, methanolic HCl gives the best results. Purification procedures giving a stable product are outlined.

scholarly journals USE OF CERAMIC MATERIAL (CEMENT CLINKER) FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
SUNNY SONI ◽  
MADHU AGARWAL
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Rural Economic Development ◽  
Additional Demand ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels

Biodiesel is a renewable liquid fuel made from natural, renewable biological sources such as edible and non edible oils. Over the last years, biodiesel has gained more market due to its benefits and because it appears as the natural substitute for diesel. Reasons for growing interest in biodiesel include its potential for reducing noxious emissions, potential contributions to rural economic development, as an additional demand center for agricultural commodities, and as a way to reduce reliance on foreign oil. Biodiesel was prepared from soybean oil by transesterification with methanol in the presence of cement clinker. Cement clinker was examined as a catalyst for a conversion of soybean oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). It can be a promising heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel fuels from soybean oil because of high activity in the conversion and no leaching in the transesterification reaction. The reaction conditions were optimized. A study for optimizing the reaction parameters such as the reaction temperature, and reaction time, was carried out. The catalyst cement clinker composition was characterized by XRF. The results demonstrate that the cement clinker shows high catalytic performance & it was found that the yield of biodiesel can reach as high as 84.52% after 1 h reaction at 65°C, with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 21 wt% KOH/cement clinker as catalyst.

Mesoporous Al–Mo Oxides as an Effective and Stable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biodiesel from the Esterification of Free-Fatty Acids in Non-edible Oils

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuyun Zhang ◽  
Fangfang Wei ◽  
Peihua Ma ◽  
Yutao Zhang ◽  
Fuhua Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Stable Catalyst

Evaluation of sulfated tin oxides in the esterification reaction of free fatty acids

2011 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.I. Moreno ◽  
R. Jaimes ◽  
R. Gómez ◽  
M.E. Niño-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Tin Oxides

scholarly journals ESTERIFICATION OF FATTY ACID FROM PALM OIL WASTE (SLUDGE OIL) BY USING ALUM CATALYST

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamrin Usman ◽  
Lucy Ariany ◽  
Winda Rahmalia ◽  
Romi Advant
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Product Viscosity

Esterification of fatty acids from palm oil waste (sludge oil) as biodiesel liquid base has been done by using alum [Al2(SO4)3.14H2O] catalyst. Some reaction variables like reaction time, catalyst quantity, and molar ratio of sample-reactant was applied for optimal reaction. Yield of 94.66% was obtained at reaction condition 65 °C, 5 h, sample-reactant ratio 1:20, and catalyst quantity 3% (w/w). GC-MS analysis request showed that composition of methyl esters biodiesel are methyl caproic (0.67%), methyl lauric (0.21%), methyl miristic (1.96%), methyl palmitic (49.52%), methyl oleic (41.51%), and methyl stearic (6.13%). Physical properties of synthesized product (viscosity, refraction index and density) are similar with those of commercial product.   Keywords: alum, biodiesel, esterification, sludge oil

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