scholarly journals USE OF CERAMIC MATERIAL (CEMENT CLINKER) FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
SUNNY SONI ◽  
MADHU AGARWAL
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Rural Economic Development ◽  
Additional Demand ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels

Biodiesel is a renewable liquid fuel made from natural, renewable biological sources such as edible and non edible oils. Over the last years, biodiesel has gained more market due to its benefits and because it appears as the natural substitute for diesel. Reasons for growing interest in biodiesel include its potential for reducing noxious emissions, potential contributions to rural economic development, as an additional demand center for agricultural commodities, and as a way to reduce reliance on foreign oil. Biodiesel was prepared from soybean oil by transesterification with methanol in the presence of cement clinker. Cement clinker was examined as a catalyst for a conversion of soybean oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). It can be a promising heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel fuels from soybean oil because of high activity in the conversion and no leaching in the transesterification reaction. The reaction conditions were optimized. A study for optimizing the reaction parameters such as the reaction temperature, and reaction time, was carried out. The catalyst cement clinker composition was characterized by XRF. The results demonstrate that the cement clinker shows high catalytic performance & it was found that the yield of biodiesel can reach as high as 84.52% after 1 h reaction at 65°C, with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 21 wt% KOH/cement clinker as catalyst.

Synthesis of Biodiesel by Different Carriers Supported KOH Catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 581-582 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Mei Yang ◽  
Peng Mei Lv ◽  
Zhen Hong Yuan ◽  
Wen Luo ◽  
Hui Wen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
And Performance

Transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to methyl eaters was found proceed in the presence of KOH loaded on five different oxides (CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Bentonite, kaolin) as heterogeneous catalysts. The structure and performance of these catalysts were studied using the techniques of XRD, CO2-TPD, and SEM. It was found that the 15wt% KOH/CaO catalyst provided best activity. In the presence of this catalyst, the yield of fatty acid methyl esters was 97.1%. The reaction conditions were as follows: methanol to soybean oil molar ratio was 16:1, temperature of 65 °C, reaction time of 1 h, and a catalyst amount of 4 wt%. The catalysts of KOH loaded on CaO showed a new crystalline phase of K2O. However, the catalyst of 15-KOH/CaO has more basic sites than the catalyst of 15-KOH/MgO. Therefore, the catalyst of 15-KOH/CaO has been associated with higher transesterification activity.

scholarly journals Environmentally Benign Neem Biodiesel Synthesis Using Nano-Zn-Mg-Al Hydrotalcite as Solid Base Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Chelladurai ◽  
Manivannan Rajamanickam
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Solid Base Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Hydrotalcite, also known as aluminum-magnesium layered double hydroxide (LDH) or anionic clay, is a synthetic compound that was broadly investigated in the past decade due to its many potential applications. In this work, we present an environmentally benign process for the transesterification (methanolysis) of neem oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using Zn-Mg-Al hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts in a heterogeneous manner. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TPD-CO2, and the BET surface area analysis. It is well-known that the catalytic performance of hydrotalcite is dramatically increased through the incorporation of Zn into the surface of Mg-Al hydrotalcite material. The optimized parameters, 10 : 1 methanol/oil molar ratio with 7.5 g catalysts reacted under stirring speed 450 rpm at 65°C for 4 h reaction, gave a maximum ester conversion of 90.5% for the sample with Zn-Mg-Al ratio of 3 : 3 : 1.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dolomite as catalyst in the transesterification reaction using palm oil (RBD)

DYNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (209) ◽  
pp. 180-187
Author(s):  
Stephanie Alexa Ñústez Castaño ◽  
Duvan Oswaldo Villamizar Castro ◽  
Edgar Mauricio Vargas Solano
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rbd Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

In this study, the catalytic activity of dolomite was evaluated for the transesterification of Colombian RBD palm oil with methanol, carried out in a batch reactor at 333,15K and 600rpm. The activated dolomites (calcined at 1073.15K for 2h) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Hammett indicators method, and quantification of the surface area, average pore size and average pore volume BET. The influence of reaction variables such as catalyst amount (%wt /wt) and methanol / palm oil molar ratio (mole/mole) was investigated. Under the suitable reaction conditions, the amount of calcined dolomite equal to 4% (wt /wt) based on the weight of oil, the methanol-oil molar ratio equal to 9:1, and the reaction time = 1h, the methyl ester content of 82.67% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) can be achieved.

scholarly journals High-Quality Biodiesel Production from Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) Oil Soapstock

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Pantoja ◽  
Vanessa Mescouto ◽  
Carlos Costa ◽  
José Zamian ◽  
Geraldo Rocha Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Buriti Oil ◽  
Brazilian Standard

The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) is a palm tree widely distributed throughout tropical South America. The oil extracted from the fruits of this palm tree is rich in natural antioxidants. The by-products obtained from the buriti palm have social and economic importance as well, hence the interest in adding value to the residue left from refining this oil to obtain biofuel. The process of methyl esters production from the buriti oil soapstock was optimized considering acidulation and esterification. The effect of the molar ratio of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to soapstock in the range from 0.6 to 1.0 and the reaction time (30–90 min) were analyzed. The best conditions for acidulation were molar ratio 0.8 and reaction time of 60 min. Next, the esterification of the fatty acids obtained was performed using methanol and H2SO4 as catalyst. The effects of the molar ratio (9:1–27:1), percentage of catalyst (2–6%) and reaction time (1–14 h) were investigated. The best reaction conditions were: 18:1 molar ratio, 4% catalyst and 14 h reaction time, which resulted in a yield of 92% and a conversion of 99.9%. All the key biodiesel physicochemical characterizations were within the parameters established by the Brazilian standard. The biodiesel obtained presented high ester content (96.6%) and oxidative stability (16.1 h).

A Novel Route for Conversion of Free Fatty Acids in Acidic Oils to Methyl Esters by In-Situ Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Lakshmi Ch ◽  
Uday Bhaskar R.V.S ◽  
Viswanath Kotra ◽  
Satyavathi Bankupalli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Higher Alcohol

Biodiesel from clean oils is comparatively easier than production from crude and non-edible oils. To achieve maximum yield of biodiesel, a two stage process is adopted in which non-edible oils are used as feed-stock: an acid catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids followed by base catalyzed transesterification. Presence of water formed during esterification reaction is detrimental to a viable transesterification process. In the present work, an alternate method for removal of water by in situ hydrolysis reaction of methyl acetate is introduced. The dehydration using methyl acetate during esterification has yielded good results as the soap formed during transesterification was minimal. The results indicated high conversion of triglycerides to methyl ester for lower oil to methanol ratio and at a lower temperature. For 1:3 molar ratio of oil to methanol, the conversion obtained was less than 90 percent and is equivalent to conversions with higher alcohol ratios during esterification in the absence of methyl acetate. These results are indicative of the fact that use of methyl acetate reduces the alcohol to oil ratio without affecting the conversions. Moreover, higher conversions are possible at lower temperatures in the presence of methyl acetate. It is further observed that the oils that are subjected to free fatty acid conversions in the presence of methyl acetate record very little soap formation during the transesterification reactions, thereby resulting in higher grade of biodiesel.

scholarly journals Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa d'Avila Cavalcanti-Oliveira ◽  
Priscila Rufino da Silva ◽  
Alessandra Peçanha Ramos ◽  
Donato Alexandre Gomes Aranda ◽  
Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus Lipase ◽  
Niobic Acid

The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2.3% (v/v) lipase (25 U/mL of reaction medium) in distilled water and at 60∘C; an 89% conversion rate to FFAs was obtained after 48 hours of reaction. For the esterification reaction, the best result was with an FFA/methanol molar ratio of 1:3, niobic acid catalyst at a concentration of 20% (w/w FFA), and 200∘C, which yielded 92% conversion of FFAs to soy methyl esters after 1 hour of reaction. This study is exceptional because both the hydrolysis and the esterification use a simple reaction medium with high substrate concentrations.

Production of Biodiesel in Supercritical Methanol and Related Correlation on Phase Equilibrium

2012 ◽  
Vol 560-561 ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zeng ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Tao Fang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Supercritical Methanol ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Final Yield

Biodiesel was prepared by methyl esterification and effects of different reaction conditions on the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were investigated. The result of the orthogonal experiment analysis shows that the order of influential factors is ranked as reaction temperature > methanol-to-soybean-oil (M/O) ratio > reaction time. The maximum yield of 94.8 % has been achieved by reacting supercritical methanol and soybean oil in M/O ratio 4:2 (v/v) at 573 K for 45 min. Moreover, the higher M/O ratio, the higher yield of FAMEs will be obtained. At the temperature ranging from 533 k to 573 k, the yield rises significantly; however, since soybean oil decomposes over 573 K, the yield decreases oppositely. Time longer than 45 min has less effect on the final yield. In addition, the phase equilibrium data of supercritical methanol + C12 methyl esters and supercritical methanol + C18 methyl esters were separately correlated using the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state (EOS) with the Adachi-Sugie (AS) mixing rule.

Optimization and effects of process variables on the production and properties of methyl ester biodiesel

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Eloka-Eboka ◽  
Ogbene Gillian Igbum ◽  
Freddie L. Inambao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels ◽  
High Yields ◽  
General Response

Optimization of the production process in biodiesel production holds huge prospects. A reduced cost option is the optimization of process variables that affect yields and purity of biodiesel, which was achieved in this study. Optimized production and direct effects of process variables on the production and quality of methyl ester biodiesel fuels from the non-edible seed oils of sandbox seed was carried out. Catalyst nature and concentration, alcohol to triglyceride molar ratio, mixing speed, reaction time and temperature were taken into consideration as variables to their individual response on the yields, viscosity and specific gravity of the methyl esters produced. These are specific indispensable properties of biodiesel for use in compression ignition engines. Optimized concentrations were 0.3 to 1.5% w/v and two mole ratios of 3:1 and 6:1. Time of reaction was varied (5mins to 30mins) with temperatures (38oC and 55oC). Also, the effect of methanol in the range of 4:1and 6:1 (molar ratio) was investigated, keeping catalyst type, reaction time and temperatures constant. The effects of KOH and NaOH on the transesterification were investigated with concentration kept constant at 1%. The general response in this study was that at optimized rate of agitation (800rpm), optimized reaction time was as low as 5minutes, 1% catalyst concentration of NaOH was the optimal concentration, and 55oC was the optimal temperature with attendant high yields. However, there are variations with the nature of feedstock as the work further exposed. These high points are particularly of interest to guide against process backdrop.

Preparation of Biodiesel from Crude Rubber Seed Oil by Alkaline Transesterification

2012 ◽  
Vol 581-582 ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Yan Lin Sun ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Optimum Technique ◽  
Acid Catalyzed

Abstract: This paper is focused on the preparation of biodiesel from crude rubber seed oil with high free fatty acids (FFA) content. The rubber seeds were collected in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province. Two-step synthesis was selected to obtain the product, that is, acid catalyzed esterification was carried out first to decrease the FFA content, then methyl esters of fatty acids can be formed by alkaline transesterification. The reaction conditions of alkaline transesterification were investigated. The results show that the optimum technique is to carry out the reaction at 60°C for 1.5h, with the methanol-to-oil molar ratio 6:1, the catalyst amount 1.0% (g NaOH/ g oil). The yield can reach 75%. GC analysis shows the content of methyl esters of fatty acids is 82.29%. Some properties of biodiesel prepared are also presented.

NaZSM-5-catalyzed dimethyl carbonate synthesis via the transesterification of ethylene carbonate with methanol

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Zhen Yang ◽  
Xiao-Yong Dou ◽  
Fang Wu ◽  
Liang-Nian He
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Simple Filtration ◽  
Slight Alteration

NaZSM-5 zeolite was found to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which can serve as a building block, an additive to fuel oil, and an electrolyte in batteries, via the transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol. Notably, 77% DMC yield and 97% selectivity were achieved under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the effects of various reaction parameters such as catalyst loading, reaction time, and methanol/EC molar ratio on the catalytic performance were investigated in detail. This protocol was found to be applicable to a variety of alcohols, producing the corresponding dialkyl carbonates with moderate yields and selectivities. Moreover, the catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration with retention of catalytic activity; a stable crystal configuration and a slight alteration of its superficial structure were observed by X-ray diffraction and BET measurements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document