Evaluation of sulfated tin oxides in the esterification reaction of free fatty acids

2011 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.I. Moreno ◽  
R. Jaimes ◽  
R. Gómez ◽  
M.E. Niño-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Tin Oxides

A Novel Route for Conversion of Free Fatty Acids in Acidic Oils to Methyl Esters by In-Situ Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Lakshmi Ch ◽  
Uday Bhaskar R.V.S ◽  
Viswanath Kotra ◽  
Satyavathi Bankupalli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Higher Alcohol

Biodiesel from clean oils is comparatively easier than production from crude and non-edible oils. To achieve maximum yield of biodiesel, a two stage process is adopted in which non-edible oils are used as feed-stock: an acid catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids followed by base catalyzed transesterification. Presence of water formed during esterification reaction is detrimental to a viable transesterification process. In the present work, an alternate method for removal of water by in situ hydrolysis reaction of methyl acetate is introduced. The dehydration using methyl acetate during esterification has yielded good results as the soap formed during transesterification was minimal. The results indicated high conversion of triglycerides to methyl ester for lower oil to methanol ratio and at a lower temperature. For 1:3 molar ratio of oil to methanol, the conversion obtained was less than 90 percent and is equivalent to conversions with higher alcohol ratios during esterification in the absence of methyl acetate. These results are indicative of the fact that use of methyl acetate reduces the alcohol to oil ratio without affecting the conversions. Moreover, higher conversions are possible at lower temperatures in the presence of methyl acetate. It is further observed that the oils that are subjected to free fatty acid conversions in the presence of methyl acetate record very little soap formation during the transesterification reactions, thereby resulting in higher grade of biodiesel.

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfated Cobalt–Tin Mixed Oxide Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamchai Nuithitikul ◽  
Worrapat Hasin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Mixed Oxide ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mixed Oxide Catalysts

Abstract In this study, sulfated tin oxide was modified with cobalt oxide resulting in sulfated cobalt–tin mixed oxide (SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2). For the first time, the catalytic activity of SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 for the esterification reaction of free fatty acids (FFA) in crude palm oil to produce methyl esters has been investigated. The effects of amount of Co and calcination temperature were studied. The properties of SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 were determined with N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and potentiometric titration. The esterification was carried out in a stirred-tank reactor equipped with a reflux condenser. The reaction conditions (methanol/oil ratio, catalyst size, catalyst loading and reaction time) were optimized. The results confirm that SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 is a promising catalyst in the production of methyl esters from FFA in crude palm oil. The addition of Co improved the reusability of sulfated tin oxide.

Synthesis and Characterization of Different Transition Metal-Alginate Based Heterogeneous Catalyst for Esterification Reaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 709 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Fei Ling Pua ◽  
Kah Thong Looi ◽  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Sharifah Nabihah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst

In recent years, attention has been drawn to produce heterogeneous catalyst to replace homogeneous catalyst in biodiesel industry. This study was focused on the synthesis of three different types of alginate based heterogeneous catalyst (Ferric-alginate, Copper-alginate, and Nickel alginate) and the effect of the catalyst on esterification of oleic acid. Morphology and elemental analysis was conducted to investigate the properties of the catalyst. The new heterogeneous catalysts were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid at reaction temperature of 60°C and 2 hours reaction time. Fe-alginate has achieved the highest free fatty acids (FFAs) conversation rate of 82.03%. The results and findings proved that transition metal-alginate heterogeneous catalyst has the potential and ability to esterify the free fatty acids prior biodiesel production from high free fatty acids feedstock.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis Using a Byproduct Obtained from Palm Oil Refining

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Nascentes dos Santos Corrêa ◽  
Susana Lorena de Souza ◽  
Marly Catran ◽  
Otávio Luiz Bernardes ◽  
Márcio Figueiredo Portilho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Novozym 435 ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Lipozyme Tl Im ◽  
Free System ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

An alternative route to produce biodiesel is based on esterification of free fatty acids present in byproducts obtained from vegetable oil refining, such as palm oil fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD is a byproduct of the production of edible palm oil, which contains 96 wt.% of free fatty acids. The purpose of this work was to study biodiesel synthesis via esterification of PFAD with methanol and ethanol, catalyzed by commercial immobilized lipases (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM, and Lipozyme TL-IM), in a solvent-free system. The effects of reaction parameters such as type of lipase, enzyme amount, type of alcohol, alcohol amount, and enzyme reuse were studied. Fatty acid conversion of 93% was obtained after 2.5 h of esterification reaction between PFAD and ethanol using 1.0 wt.% of Novozym 435 at 60°C.

Esterification of free fatty acids with supercritical methanol for biodiesel production and related kinetic study

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (64) ◽  
pp. 52072-52078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianwei Jin ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Jinhui Zeng ◽  
Chun Yang ◽  
Yuqi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Supercritical Methanol

The interaction of raw material ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time on the esterification reaction of free fatty acids, and a kinetic analysis of it.

scholarly journals Kinetic Modeling of Esterification Reaction of Free Fatty Acids Present in Macauba Oil Using a Cationic Resin as Catalyst

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bastos de Rezende ◽  
Carlos Augusto Silva ◽  
Vânya Márcia Duarte Pasa ◽  
Maria Helena Caño de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Kinetic Modeling ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Cationic Resin

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts.

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Nurul Asmawati Roslan ◽  
Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan ◽  
Norhayati Abdullah ◽  
Syamsul Bahari Abdullah ◽  
Sumaiya Zainal Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphate

<p>The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production.  Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification.  In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>). HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> and BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> were characterized by <sup>1</sup>H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> compared to HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved</p><p><em>Received: 21<sup>st</sup> January 2016; Revised: 29<sup>th</sup> February 2016; Accepted: 6<sup>th</sup> March 2016</em></p><strong>How to Cite:</strong> Roslan, N.A.,  Che Hasnan M.H., Abdullah, N., Abdullah, S.B., Abidin, S.Z. (2016). A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts. <em>Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis</em>, 11 (2): 182-191 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190)<p><strong>Permalink/DOI:</strong> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190">http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190</a></p>

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