3. Executive Orders: Structure and Process

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-75
Keyword(s):  
Executive Orders

Institutional actors: Children’s emerging beliefs about the causal structure of social roles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Noyes ◽  
Frank Keil ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Soccer Player ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Children's Beliefs ◽  
Institutional Actors ◽  
The U.S

Institutions make new forms of acting possible: Signing executive orders, scoring goals, and officiating weddings are only possible because of the U.S. government, the rules of soccer, and the institution of marriage. Thus, when an individual occupies a particular social role (President, soccer player, and officiator) they acquire new ways of acting on the world. The present studies investigated children’s beliefs about institutional actions, and in particular whether children understand that individuals can only perform institutional actions when their community recognizes them as occupying the appropriate social role. Two studies (Study 1, N = 120 children, 4-11; Study 2, N = 90 children, 4-9) compared institutional actions to standard actions that do not depend on institutional recognition. In both studies, 4- to 5-year-old children believed all actions were possible regardless of whether an individual was recognized as occupying the social role. In contrast, 8- to 9-year-old children robustly distinguished between institutional and standard actions; they understood that institutional actions depend on collective recognition by a community.

Executive Orders

Public Voices ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
B. J. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Executive Orders

By Tom Clancy.Reviewed by B.J. Reed

Gridlock, Crisis, and Obama

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
African American ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
National Health Care ◽  
American President ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis

Chapter 7 explains that the financial crisis and Barack Obama’s presidency pushed political polarization into extreme political gridlock in Washington. Americans became disgusted. The 2008 financial crisis exacerbated America’s economic woes and made people angry. The fact that Obama was America’s first African American president made things worse. So did his moves to handle the financial crisis and Great Recession, and reform the national health care system. Trump tapped the public’s anger, turning it to his electoral advantage. He promised that because as a billionaire he wasn’t beholden to anyone, he would unify the country and cut through the gridlock by “draining the swamp” in Washington. And if Congress didn’t cooperate, he said that he would move unilaterally by issuing executive orders that would get the job done. It worked and he was elected president.

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Courts Of Appeals ◽  
Lower Court ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
Judicial Scrutiny ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Assistance Project

The concise Epilogue describes the U.S. Supreme Court’s late-2017 vacation of the courts of appeals rulings in the International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump and Hawaii v. Trump cases (determining that the litigated controversy over the president’s January and March 2017 exclusionary executive orders was moot). It incorporates Justice Sotomayor’s dissent and notes that the lower court rulings “may be persuasive and cited as guidance, but not as binding precedent.” It observes therefore that the Korematsu conundrum persists at the heart of these and future liberty and security controversies: careful judicial scrutiny or near unconditional deference, judicial independence or court passivity.

Donald John Trump, President?

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schechner
Keyword(s):  
Executive Orders ◽  
Extreme Degree

Donald J. Trump, like it or not, is POTUS. This president is also a Caligula, a fool-king, and a trickster. He is a performer rather than an actor: someone who inhabits his own (narcissistic) persona to an extreme degree, not someone who follows a prescribed script. His policies, executive orders, and appointments show he is cruel, dangerous, unpredictable, and entertaining.

UK-wide health policy under the Coalition

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Social Care ◽  
The Other ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
Health Reforms ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Health And Social Care

A volume on health reforms under the Coalition must necessarily expand its focus beyond Westminster to consider the larger UK policy context. Legislation enacted in 1998 established devolved assemblies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland with power to make law or issue executive orders in certain specified areas, including health services. This meant that an English NHS overseen by the Westminster Parliament now existed alongside separate NHS systems accountable to devolved governments in the other UK countries. Thus, the major Coalition health reforms heralded by the Health and Social Care Act 2012 applied in the main to England only. However, devolved administrations needed to formulate appropriate policy responses that either maintained differences or moved closer to the English policies. This chapter describes the divergent approaches between the four UK NHS systems, but also sheds light on the nature of coalition policy making.

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