CHAPTER 5. Objects of Knowledge: Oceanic Artifacts in European Engravings

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-158
Keyword(s):  
Objects Of Knowledge

scholarly journals Notion-Concept-Term. Interpretations

Philologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Calaras ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Abstract Object ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Objects Of Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Fundamental Units ◽  
Knowledge Communication ◽  
Material Form ◽  
Linguistic Means ◽  
Object Of Knowledge

There are various interpretations of the fundamental notions used in the study of terminology. This article is a comparative study of their definitions, conducted in the process of establishing benchmarks in the study of editorial-printing terminology. It presents a research of the theoretical foundations of terminology, a study of various interpretations of linguistic meanings of key notions of terminology: „notion”, „concept” and „term”. One of the fundamental units of terminology is the „notion”, which is characterized as an abstract object of knowledge. Another fundamental unit, the „concept”, represents classes of objects of knowledge, of perceptible phenomena. Concepts are called abstractions, mental constructions or units of thought that ensure the connection between objects and their definitions. They have an essential role in human knowledge, communication not being possible if we do not have a codification of concepts in linguistic signs (terms). The concepts ensure the connection between the objects and the designations that correspond to them. And the „term” is the material form, expressed through linguistic means, of a notion specialized in a certain field of knowledge.

Panel: Objects of knowledge and belief: sentences vs. propositions?

1986 ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Robert C. Stalnaker ◽  
Hans Kamp ◽  
Kurt Konolige ◽  
Hector J. Levesque ◽  
Richmond H. Thomason
Keyword(s):  
Objects Of Knowledge

Prologue

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Dorota M. Dutsch
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Third ◽  
Objects Of Knowledge ◽  
Diverse Groups

The Prologue considers early testimonies to Pythagoras’ teachings which present him as particularly interested in different subjectivities. Three strands of the tradition emerge. The first shows Pythagoras as a compassionate sage, who, according to a tradition (possibly humorous) recorded by disciples of Aristotle, might himself have once inhabited the body of a beautiful hetaera. The second shows Pythagoras as a man proficient in different kinds of knowledge, and an orator able to offer appropriate advice to diverse groups of people, including women. In the third strand of the tradition, women become subjects, rather than objects of knowledge, and Theano appears as Pythagoras’ counterpart.

Scientific realism and antirealism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Fine
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Adequacy ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dual Character ◽  
Objects Of Knowledge ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Existence

Traditionally, scientific realism asserts that the objects of scientific knowledge exist independently of the minds or acts of scientists and that scientific theories are true of that objective (mind-independent) world. The reference to knowledge points to the dual character of scientific realism. On the one hand it is a metaphysical (specifically, an ontological) doctrine, claiming the independent existence of certain entities. On the other hand it is an epistemological doctrine asserting that we can know what individuals exist and that we can find out the truth of the theories or laws that govern them. Opposed to scientific realism (hereafter just ‘realism’) are a variety of antirealisms, including phenomenalism and empiricism. Recently two others, instrumentalism and constructivism, have posed special challenges to realism. Instrumentalism regards the objects of knowledge pragmatically, as tools for various human purposes, and so takes reliability (or empirical adequacy) rather than truth as scientifically central. A version of this, fictionalism, contests the existence of many of the objects favoured by the realist and regards them as merely expedient means to useful ends. Constructivism maintains that scientific knowledge is socially constituted, that ‘facts’ are made by us. Thus it challenges the objectivity of knowledge, as the realist understands objectivity, and the independent existence that realism is after. Conventionalism, holding that the truths of science ultimately rest on man-made conventions, is allied to constructivism. Realism and antirealism propose competing interpretations of science as a whole. They even differ over what requires explanation, with realism demanding that more be explained and antirealism less.

Embedding futurity in urban governance: Redevelopment schemes and the time value of money

2020 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2093668
Author(s):  
Rachel Weber
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Municipal Governments ◽  
Time Value Of Money ◽  
Time Value ◽  
Public Subsidy ◽  
Objects Of Knowledge ◽  
Value Of Money

Whether appraising development projects or underwriting bonds to finance infrastructure, municipal governments rely on “time value of money” (TVM) techniques to discount and convert hypothetical future cash flows into objects of knowledge in the present. I analyze these calculative techniques through participant observation and interviews with professionals involved in redevelopment projects funded by Tax Increment Financing (TIF) in the Midwestern United States. I find that the TVM assumptions used in models to estimate future values help embed financialized modes of futurity into governance, leveraging the tax base for entrepreneurial urbanism. I describe the contexts in which these techniques are used and, drawing on the literature on the social construction of value, the future imaginaries they perform. I explain why the local state adopts the private sector’s low discount rates and the material effects of this mimicry: inflated estimates of future property values, which are capitalized into larger amounts of public subsidy and, possibly, higher actual values. Future values are also the basis for co-rent-seeking, whereby the state attempts to repay debt on infrastructure through the production of surplus value in land. With institutional support, the techniques and assumptions underpinning these land value capture strategies intensify development and create a reinforcing spiral of asset appreciation.

“The Sagacity of the Indians”: William Dampier’s Surprising Respect for Indigenous Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Irving-Stonebraker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
Indigenous Cultures ◽  
Conditions Of Possibility ◽  
Objects Of Knowledge ◽  
Anglophone World ◽  
Historical Moment

Abstract English privateer and amateur ethnographer William Dampier’s work abounds with admiring descriptions of the knowledge and skills of the indigenous societies he encountered on his global voyages. These positive descriptions of indigenous culture make a surprising juxtaposition against the tenor of ethnography little more than a century later, when biological theories of race grounded disparaging attitudes toward indigenous cultures. This article explores the conditions of possibility of a historical moment during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Anglophone world, in which it was possible to acknowledge some of the merits of indigenous knowledge. I argue that it was the framework of Baconian natural history, with its focus on useful knowledge, and its methodological emphasis on empirical data rather than theorizing, which made it possible for Dampier to treat indigenous societies not only as the objects of knowledge, but more importantly, as sources of knowledge.

ThePhaedoandRepublicV on essences

1978 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 142-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. White
Keyword(s):  
Objects Of Knowledge

Towards the close of Book V of theRepublicPlato tells us that the true philosopher has knowledge and that the objects of knowledge are the Forms. By contrast, the ‘lovers of sights and sounds’, he tells us, have no more than belief, the objects of which are physical particulars. He then goes on to present us with some very radical-sounding assertions about the nature of these physical particulars. They are bearers of opposite properties, he says, in so thorough-going a manner that we cannot say of them that they are nor that they are not: they lie somewhere between being and utter non-being.This passage of theRepublic(475–80) still awaits an agreed interpretation and I want to suggest as a reason for this that it is usually interpreted in isolation. I will argue that it becomes easier to understand when seen against the background of Plato's developing thought. To be more precise, it makes sense when taken as a rejection by Plato of one of his earlier beliefs: namely, a doctrine of essentialism to be found in thePhaedo.The greater part of this paper then will be an attempt to show thatRepublicV is a rejection of thePhaedo'sdoctrine of essences. Its concluding part will try to explain why that doctrine was rejected.

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