Vertical extension as a strategy for the resilient city

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-74
Author(s):  
Guido Callegari
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Extension

scholarly journals The HadGEM2 family of Met Office Unified Model climate configurations

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
N. Bellouin ◽  
W. J. Collins ◽  
I. D. Culverwell ◽  
P. R. Halloran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Climate Feedbacks ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Tropical Sea ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Model Family

Abstract. We describe the HadGEM2 family of climate configurations of the Met Office Unified Model, MetUM. The concept of a model "family" comprises a range of specific model configurations incorporating different levels of complexity but with a common physical framework. The HadGEM2 family of configurations includes atmosphere and ocean components, with and without a vertical extension to include a well-resolved stratosphere, and an Earth-System (ES) component which includes dynamic vegetation, ocean biology and atmospheric chemistry. The HadGEM2 physical model includes improvements designed to address specific systematic errors encountered in the previous climate configuration, HadGEM1, namely Northern Hemisphere continental temperature biases and tropical sea surface temperature biases and poor variability. Targeting these biases was crucial in order that the ES configuration could represent important biogeochemical climate feedbacks. Detailed descriptions and evaluations of particular HadGEM2 family members are included in a number of other publications, and the discussion here is limited to a summary of the overall performance using a set of model metrics which compare the way in which the various configurations simulate present-day climate and its variability.

scholarly journals Air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave as seen by MOZAIC airliners

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 15911-15954 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tressol ◽  
C. Ordonez ◽  
R. Zbinden ◽  
V. Thouret ◽  
C. Mari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
Lagrangian Dispersion

Abstract. This study presents an analysis of both MOZAIC profiles above Frankfurt and Lagrangian dispersion model simulations for the 2003 European heat wave. The comparison of MOZAIC measurements in summer 2003 with the 11-year MOZAIC climatology reflects strong temperature anomalies (exceeding 4°C) throughout the lower troposphere. Higher positive anomalies of temperature and negative anomalies of both wind speed and relative humidity are found for the period defined here as the heat wave (2–14 August 2003), compared to the periods before (16–31 July 2003) and after (16–31 August 2003) the heat wave. In addition, Lagrangian model simulations in backward mode indicate the suppressed long-range transport in the mid- to lower troposphere and the enhanced southern origin of air masses for all tropospheric levels during the heat wave. Ozone and carbon monoxide also present strong anomalies (both ~ +40 ppbv) during the heat wave, with a maximum vertical extension reaching 6 km altitude around 11 August 2003. Pollution in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is enhanced during the day, with ozone mixing ratios two times higher than climatological values. This is due to a combination of factors, such as high temperature and radiation, stagnation of air masses and weak dry deposition, which favour the accumulation of ozone precursors and the build-up of ozone. A negligible role of a stratospheric-origin ozone tracer has been found for the lower troposphere in this study. From 29 July to 15 August 2003 forest fires burned around 0.3×106 ha) in Portugal and added to atmospheric pollution in Europe. Layers with enhanced CO and NOy mixing ratios, probably advected from Portugal, were crossed by the MOZAIC aircraft in the free troposphere over Frankfurt. A series of forward and backward Lagrangian model simulations have been performed to investigate the origin of these anomalies. During the whole heat wave, European anthropogenic emissions present the strongest contribution to the measured CO levels in the lower troposphere (near 30%). This source is followed by Portuguese forest fires which affect the lower troposphere after 6 August 2003 and even the PBL around 10 August 2003. The averaged biomass burning contribution reaches 35% during the affected period. Anthropogenic CO of North American origin only marginally influences CO levels over Europe during that period.

Development of Wall and Free Plumes Above a Heated Vertical Plate

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Sparrow ◽  
S. V. Patankar ◽  
R. M. Abdel-Wahed
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Vertical Plate ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Convection Boundary Layer ◽  
Heated Plate ◽  
Adiabatic Wall ◽  
Similarity Type ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
Prandtl Numbers ◽  
Wall Plume

An analysis has been made to determine the successive stages of development as the natural convection boundary layer on a steadily heated vertical plate evolves into a plume. Both the wall plume and the free plume are investigated. The wall plume develops along an adiabatic wall which is the vertical extension of the heated plate. The free plume is created as the boundary layer streams away from the upper edge of the plate. Since the plate is heated on only one of its faces, the free plume is initially unsymmetric. The development of these plumes does not admit similarity-type boundary layer solutions, and numerical techniques were, therefore, employed, with results being obtained for Prandtl numbers of 0.7, 2, 5, and 10. It was found that at sufficient downstream distances both plumes attain their respective fully developed behaviors (i.e., similar profiles at successive streamwise stations). For the wall plume, the development for all Prandtl numbers is completed at a position that is about five plate lengths above the leading edge of the heated plate. The development length for the free plume for Pr = 0.7 is about the same as that for the wall plume, but about 30 plate lengths are required for the development of the free plume when Pr = 10. The fully developed free plume is symmetric.

Anatomic Study of the Gastrocnemius–Soleus Junction and its Relationship to the Sural Nerve

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Tashjian ◽  
A. Joshua Appel ◽  
Rahul Banerjee ◽  
Christopher W. DiGiovanni
Keyword(s):  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Musculotendinous Junction ◽  
Lateral Border ◽  
Adjunct Treatment ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Gastrocnemius Recession

Background: Gastrocnemius recession is performed for equinus contracture of the ankle and as an adjunct treatment for various foot pathologies. Successful release relies on many factors, including a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the gastrocnemius-soleus junction and its relationship to the sural nerve which may be vulnerable to iatrogenic injury. Neither the average width of the tendon at the gastrocnemius-soleus junction, the anatomy of the sural nerve with respect to the gastrocnemius-soleus junction, nor appropriate landmarks for accurate incision placement at this level to avoid undesirable vertical extension, however, have yet to be acceptably defined. Methods: Fourteen fresh-frozen cadavers were dissected and the width of the tendon at the gastrocnemius-soleus junction, the distance of the sural nerve from the lateral border of the tendon at this level, the length of the fibula, and the distance from the distal tip of the fibula to the gastrocnemius-soleus junction were measured. Results: The average width of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex at the junction was 58 mm (range, 44–69 mm), the average distance of the sural nerve from the lateral border of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex at the level of the gastrocnemius-soleus junction was 12 mm (range, 7–17 mm), the average percentage of this distance as compared to the entire width of gastrocnemius-soleus junction was 20% (range, 13%-27%), and the ratio of the distance of the gastrocnemius-soleus junction from the distal tip of the fibula divided by the length of the fibula was 0.5 (range, 0.5–0.6). Conclusion: These results provide some guidelines as to the approximate size of the gastrocnemius–soleus complex at the site of gastrocnemius recession along with the location of the sural nerve at the musculotendinous junction. Also, the results indicate that the fibula can serve as a reproducible anatomic landmark to enable localization of the gastrocnemius–soleus junction at the time of gastrocnemius recession.

A development process for extending buildings vertically – based on a case study of four extended buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-385
Author(s):  
Rikard Sundling
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Innovation ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
Development Evaluation ◽  
Key Aspects

Purpose The purpose of the study, upon which this paper is based, was to contribute an improved understanding of the vertical extension of buildings, by presenting a development process for its implementation in which the key aspects to consider when planning such extensions are highlighted. Design/methodology/approach The approach is based on linking the diffusion of innovation together with case study research to stimulate further development in vertically extending buildings. Four cases of vertically extended buildings in Sweden were selected for the study. Findings The development process highlights seven key areas for decisions when planning a vertical extension. These areas are: opportunities for vertical extension; strategies for implementation; detailed planning process; concept development; evaluation; building permit; and procurement. The development processes and lessons learnt from each case are presented, covering both success and failure. Research limitations/implications The research is based on four cases of vertically extended buildings. The findings offer valuable insights into the development process which should provide the research community with an improved understanding of the challenges faced. Practical implications The findings will help planners, housing owners, housing developers and facility managers better understand the conditions that favour successful implementation of vertical extensions. Originality/value The paper provides the reader with an understanding of the challenges faced in the vertical extension of a building and the means of overcoming them to create a simplified development process.

scholarly journals Polyphase Glacigenic Deformation of Advance Glaciofluvial Sediments, Near Big Creek, British Colombia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Huntley ◽  
Bruce E. Broster
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Brittle Failure ◽  
Lateral Extension ◽  
Polyphase Deformation ◽  
Deformation Structures ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
British Colombia ◽  
Late Wisconsinan ◽  
Cordilleran Ice Sheet ◽  
Sheet Deformation

ABSTRACT Deformation structures were observed in glaciofluvial sediments near Big Creek, central British Columbia. These sediments record a sequence of polyphase deformation resulting from the advance and retreat of the Late Wisconsinan (Fraser Glaciation) Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Deformation is attributed to ductile then brittle failure resulting from: (a) horizontal compression and loading as ice advanced over saturated sediments; followed by (b) lateral extension then (c) compression under frozen conditions during glacier overriding; and finally (d) vertical extension during unloading upon déglaciation. Most deformation (a-c, above) appears to have occurred during the advance phase of the Fraser Glaciation.

Size Dependent Vibration Behavior of an AFM with Sidewall and Top-Surface Probes Based on the Strain Gradient Elasticity Theory

2015 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Elasticity Theory ◽  
Strain Gradient ◽  
Gradient Elasticity ◽  
Strain Gradient Theory ◽  
Strain Gradient Elasticity ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Vibration Behavior ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
Strain Gradient Elasticity Theory ◽  
Gradient Elasticity Theory

In this paper, the size-dependent vibration behavior of an atomic force microscope with assembled cantilever probe (ACP) is analyzed utilizing the modified strain gradient elasticity theory. The proposed ACP comprises a horizontal cantilever, a vertical extension and two tips located at the free ends of the cantilever and extension. Because the vertical extension is located between the clamped and free ends of the microcantilever, the cantilever is modeled as two beams. The results of the current model are compared to those evaluated by both modified couple stress and classical beam theories. The results indicate that the resonant frequency and sensitivity of the proposed ACP is strongly size-dependent especially when the contact stiffness is very low or it is very high. The results also declare that utilizing the strain gradient theory is essential in the analysis of the vibration behavior of the proposed ACP.

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