Agricultural Trade and Structural Change: Evidence from Paraguay

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Blanco
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Foreign Demand ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sectoral Composition

Abstract We study how international trade affects structural change in an agricultural exporting country. For this purpose, we calibrate a three-sector growth model to quantify the role of international trade in explaining structural change patterns observed in Paraguay. This country experienced a significant rise in net agricultural exports as a percentage of aggregate output during the period 1962–2012. We find the following results. First, international trade is crucial to explain the sectoral composition of employment in this country. The model including trade explains 84.2% of observed changes in employment shares during this period, while the model without trade can only account for 35.6% of observed changes. Second, employment in agriculture remains large in order to satisfy foreign demand. Third, employment shifts directly from agriculture into services in the long run, bypassing manufacturing. These patterns can only be explained by the rise in net agricultural exports.

Do International Tourism, Structural Changes, Trade Openness and Economic Growth Matter in determining CO2 emissions in Pakistan?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wajahat Alia ◽  
Farah Sadiqb ◽  
Tafazal Kumail ◽  
As’ad Aburumman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Long Run ◽  
International Tourist

The present study investigates the role of international tourist arrivals, structural change, consumption of energy, international trade and economic growth on CO2 emissions in Pakistan over a period of 1980-2017. The study employed ARDL model which revealed that there is a strong positive long-run association between CO2 emission and its determinants except for structural changes and trade which have no significant impact on CO2 emissions. Results reveal that tourism activities in Pakistan are environment friendly and it can add to preserve the scenic areas and major visitors spots in the country to attract more visitors to increase the revenue of the country. The study further applied Granger causality test and ratifies unidirectional causality from structural change, international tourist arrivals and consumption of energy towards CO2 except from international trade. Moreover, this study employed DOLS technique to get long-run robust estimates.

International Trade and Economic Performance in Tanzania: Further Evidence

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ally A. L. Kilindo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Spurious Regression ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Manufactured Goods

Abstract The study investigated the role of international trade in economic performance in Tanzania for the post reform period, from 1980 to 2018. International trade is measured by disaggregated imports and exports while economic performance is measured by GDP growth. Exports are disaggregated into manufactured goods and non-manufactured goods while imports are disaggregated into capital goods and intermediate goods. To obtain robust non-spurious regression results, Dickey-Fuller (D-F) and Phillips-Peron (PP) Unit Root tests were performed. Johansen Co-integration tests were employed to investigate long-run relationships between export, imports and economic growth. The Johansen test suggested a long-run relationship between international trade and its components and economic development. In addition, the Error Correction Model (ECM) results further supported a long-run relationship between international trade and economic growth in Tanzania. This calls for further opening of the economy and further liberalisation of trade restrictions.

scholarly journals Does Export Led Growth Hypothesis Hold Under World Crisis Recovery Regime in Malaysia?

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Asmawi Hashim ◽  
Norimah Rambeli ◽  
Norasibah Abdul Jalil ◽  
Normala Zulkifli ◽  
Emilda Hashim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Data Series ◽  
World Crisis ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth Hypothesis

This paper examines empirically the nature of the impact of the exchange rate on import, export and economic growth in Malaysia from 2009 until 2018. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables and also to identify the effects of exchange rates on dependent variables including imports, exports and the Gross Domestic Product (DGP) that represent the productivity of the country. This study further focuses on investigating the impact or the role of export in drive the county economic growth. In achieving these objectives, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) testing procedure is used to test the presence of unit root. In order to investigate the incidence of long run relationship between the data series, the Johansen Juselius Cointegration Vector is utilized. The Granger Causality in Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework is employed to differentiate between short run and long run causal effects in examining the led growth determinants. The result shows that there is causality between exchange rate, import, export and GDP. Moreover, this study shows that exchange rates responded positively to import and export and negatively to GDP. The result further support for export led growth hypothesis in this study. Thus, confirm for the role of export in motivating the economic growth productivity in after World Crisis regime in year 2008. However, Malaysia must not only relay on international trade to generate income for the country. This is because Malaysia is fortunate to have survived the negative effects of the global crisis; the international trade is exposed to exchange rate instability. If Malaysia wants to succeed in international trade, it may be able to focus on food and services trade. As alternative Malaysia may focuses on agriculture sector by improving the research and development and be a champion on food supply for the world.

Back to Agriculture?

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-955
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Freni ◽  
Neri Salvadori ◽  
Rodolfo Signorino
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Change Process ◽  
Weak Point ◽  
Economic Argument ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Long Run

Malthus’s main economic argument against free corn trade in his Essay on Population concerned the issue of structural change triggered by international trade. Malthus claimed that, in the long run, agricultural countries will develop their domestic industrial sectors and cut both their corn exports and their imports of foreign industrial goods. We critically assess Malthus’s views and compare them with Torrens 1815 and Ricardo 1822. We argue that the weak point of Malthus’s reasoning lies in his inability to perceive that an international trade-induced structural change process is at work both in agricultural and manufacturing countries. Moreover, we show that, notwithstanding the broad similarity of their conclusions, Torrens and Ricardo followed two analytically different paths.

A Note on the Decline of Collective Bargaining Coverage: The Role of Structural Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 239 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66
Author(s):  
Peter Ellguth ◽  
Susanne Kohaut
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Firm Age ◽  
Composition Parameter ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Iab Establishment Panel

AbstractIn the last 20 years there is a sharp decline in collective bargaining coverage in Germany. Research on the determinants of collective bargaining shows: subscribing to a sectoral bargaining system depends on several structural factors, like firm size, branch affiliation, owner-ship, firm age and work force composition. Parameter that – at least partly - were subject to considerable changes in the last two decades. With data of the IAB establishment panel we want to determine which part of the decline in collective bargaining coverage is due to structural change. We use a decomposition technique (Fairlie 2005) to break down the differences in coverage between 1998 and 2016. Further-more we take a look at distinct subgroups of establishments (along firm size). Our findings show that there is some influence of structural factors on the decline of collective bargaining coverage in the long run. And there are considerable differences between small and large firms with the decisions of the latter being more dependent on structural change.

scholarly journals The Declining Role of Latin America in Global Agricultural Trade, 1963–2000

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAÚL SERRANO ◽  
VICENTE PINILLA
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Degree Of Participation ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Regional Processes

AbstractIn the second half of the twentieth century, Latin American countries lost a substantial part of their importance in worldwide exports of agricultural and food products. Given this context, the objective of this article is to analyse the determinants of the evolution of agricultural exports from Latin America, paying special attention to the influence of regional processes of economic integration on exports and to their degree of participation in intra-industrial trade. We propose a gravity model with a data panel of total exports and product groups for six Latin American countries towards 39 destinations between 1963 and 2000.

scholarly journals Productivity, social expenditure and income distribution in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIO CIMOLI ◽  
GABRIEL PORCILE ◽  
ANTONIO MARTINS NETO ◽  
FERNANDO SOSSDORF
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Social Expenditures ◽  
Technological Intensity

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the role of institutions and structural change in shaping income inequality. It is argued that while social expenditure and direct redistribution are crucial for improving income distribution, sustainable equality requires structural change. The relative importance of these variables in different countries is analyzed and a typology suggested. It is argued that the most equal countries in the world combine strong institutions in favor of redistribution and knowledge-intensive production structures that sustain growth and employment in the long run. Both institutions and the production structure in Latin America fail to foster equality and this explains its extremely high levels of inequality. The paper presents empirical evidence that supports this view, based on a sample of developed and developing countries for the period 1990-2010. Institutions for redistribution are captured through social expenditures as a percentage of GDP, while the role of structural change is captured by indicators of the technological intensity of production and the evolution of labor productivity. The technological intensity of the production structure is proxied through two indicators, the Economic Complexity Index and the ECLAC Index of Technological Intensity.

scholarly journals A Multi-Country Trade and Tourism with Endogenous Capital and Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Knowledge Accumulation ◽  
Tourist Flows

AbstractBackground: The study models a dynamic interaction among economic growth, structural change, knowledge accumulation, international trade and tourist flows. Objective: The purpose of this study is to introduce endogenous knowledge into a multi-country growth model with trade and tourism proposed by Zhang. The study models a dynamic interaction among economic growth, structural change, knowledge accumulation, international trade and tourist flows. Methods/Approach: The model is based on Arrow’s learning by doing, the Solow one-sector growth model, the Oniki-Uzawa neoclassical trade model, and the Uzawa two-sector growth model. We first build the multi-country neoclassical growth model of endogenous knowledge with international tourism. Then we show that we can follow the motion of the J - country world economy with J + 1 differential equations. Results: We simulate the motion of the three-country global economy. We carry out a comparative dynamic analysis by simulation with regard to the knowledge utilization efficiency, the efficiency of learning by doing, the propensity to save, the propensity to tour other countries, and the population. Conclusions: The global economy has a unique equilibrium.

Examining the role of border protectionism in border inspections: panel structural vector autoregression evidence from FDA import refusals on China's agricultural exports

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiehong Zhou ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Rui Mao ◽  
Yuqing Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Vector Autoregression ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Structural Vector Autoregression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
The Us ◽  
Border Controls ◽  
Structural Vector

PurposeAs technical barriers gradually become the important tools of trade protection, it is important to understand whether intensified enforcement of border controls is adopted as a hidden tool of trade protectionism and differs across periods and industries.Design/methodology/approachThis article applies a panel structural vector autoregression (PSVAR) model to investigate the potential role of trade protectionism motives in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) import refusals on China's agricultural exports, utilizing newly constructed monthly data at the industry level.FindingsThe results show that import refusal is mainly driven by the inspection history, highlighting the importance of the intrinsic product quality and maintaining an excellent inspection history in border inspection. The novel finding is that US employment contractions would also lead to a small increase in FDA import refusals, especially those taking place within ten months and made without sampling tests. Such an association is driven by industry-specific employment shocks and becomes stronger after the financial crisis. It is also more evident in industries where the US lacks competitiveness against China, being manufactured without mandatory safety regulations, and with negative skewness of employment growth.Originality/valueThis research is one of the preliminary attempts to understand whether the de facto border controls are worked as a hidden tool of protectionism to agricultural products, and what the specific trajectory and duration of the impacts at the monthly level. This study provides empirical evidence showing the role of protectionism motives in FDA import refusals and is heterogeneous across industries, which generate new insights and policy implications to predict and cope with additional barriers on agricultural trade.

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