scholarly journals Christianity and Religious Syncretism in Early Twentieth-Century China

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Religion ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Chinese Religion ◽  
Republican China ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Christianity In China ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Chinese Religions ◽  
Religious Syncretism

AbstractChristianity in China is known to have been influenced by Chinese popular religion. Yet it is less known how much Christianity has influenced other religions in China. This article examines the syncretic trend of the early years of Republican China, which aimed at reinventing Chinese religions. I argue that as early as the 1920s, followers of Chinese religious traditions were appropriating various aspects of Christianity – from its symbols and institutions to its values – for their own ends. This trend was crucial for Christianity to become a part of Chinese religion and society.

New insights into the controversy surrounding marine biological laboratory (Marine Station) facilities in the Firth of Clyde in the early twentieth century

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
P. G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Marine Biological Laboratory ◽  
Biological Station ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
Biological Laboratory ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Marine Station ◽  
Regius Professor ◽  
Adjacent Island

Three letters from the Sheina Marshall archive at the former University Marine Biological Station Millport (UMBSM) reveal the pivotal significance of Sheina Marshall's father, Dr John Nairn Marshall, behind the scheme planned by Glasgow University's Regius Professor of Zoology, John Graham Kerr. He proposed to build an alternative marine station facility on Cumbrae's adjacent island of Bute in the Firth of Clyde in the early years of the twentieth century to cater predominantly for marine researchers.

A History for Falun Gong: Popular Religion and the Chinese State Since the Ming Dynasty

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ownby
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Popular Religion ◽  
Falun Gong ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
Historical Antecedents

This article seeks to place Falun Gong - and the larger qigong movement from which it emerged - into the long-term context of the history of Chinese popular religion from the midMing (1368-1644) to the present. The argument developed is that Falun Gong and qigong are twentieth-century elaborations of a set of historical popular religious traditions generally labeled by scholars as "White Lotus Sectarianism." This article attempts both to look forward at the Falun Gong from a perspective informed by an understanding of its historical antecedents, and to look backward at the historical traditions on the basis of what we know about Falun Gong and qigong. The ultimate objective is to arrive at a recharacterization of a popular religious phenomenon which has been incompletely understood.

scholarly journals “Civil Religion” and Confucianism: Japan's Past, China's Present, and the Current Boom in Scholarship on Confucianism

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiri Paramore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Civil Religion ◽  
Republican China ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Confucian Values ◽  
History Of ◽  
Confucian Philosophy ◽  
Robert Bellah

This article employs the history of Confucianism in modern Japan to critique current scholarship on the resurgence of Confucianism in contemporary China. It argues that current scholarship employs modernist formulations of Confucianism that originated in Japan's twentieth-century confrontation with Republican China, without understanding the inherent nationalist applications of these formulations. Current scholarly approaches to Confucianism trace a history through Japanese-influenced U.S. scholars of the mid-twentieth century like Robert Bellah to Japanese imperialist and Chinese Republican nationalist scholarship of the early twentieth century. This scholarship employed new individualistic and modernist visions of religion and philosophy to isolate fields of “Confucian values” or “Confucian philosophy” apart from the realities of social practice and tradition, transforming Confucianism into a purely intellectualized “empty box” ripe to be filled with cultural nationalist content. This article contends that current scholarship, by continuing this modernist approach, may unwittingly facilitate similar nationalist exploitations of Confucianism.

The Hunan Bible Institute (Biola-in-China): A Stronghold of Fundamentalist Bible Training in China, 1916—1952

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-144
Author(s):  
Kevin Xiyi Yao
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Christianity In China ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
Fundamentalist Movement ◽  
Historical Trajectory ◽  
Bible Schools

The Protestant Church in China has been deeply shaped by the fundamentalist movement of the early twentieth century. As happened in America, Bible schools featured very prominently in the movement in China. The Hunan Bible Institute (HBI) was one of the most important Bible schools, and thus constitutes a good case study for this kind of key fundamentalist institution in China. By tracing its historical trajectory from 1916 to 1952, this study argues (1) that HBI embodied the vision and rationale of the fundamentalist theological training and (2) that HBI was not just a school, but also a platform where some of the most influential figures and ministries of the Chinese fundamentalist camp converged. It became a hub of spreading dispensationalism within China, and a powerhouse of the revivals sweeping across the country in those decades. This fact highlights the critical roles and significance the Bible schools held for the fundamentalist movement in China of the early twentieth century. (3) HBI’s identity as ‘Biola-in-China’ demonstrates a deep interrelationship between the fundamentalist camps in China and America. The strong, but troublesome relation between HBI and Biola attests to intensifying tension between the Chinese Church’s independence and foreign missions’ control. By training church leaders and providing a fundamentalist ministry platform, HBI exerted considerable influence on the formation of conservative Protestant Christianity in China.

Knowledge and Power in the Discourse of Modernity: The Campaigns against Popular Religion in Early Twentieth-Century China

1991 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Duara
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Religion ◽  
Western World ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
The West ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Transition ◽  
Modern Era

Ever since the enlightenment—the dawn of the modern era—historical understanding has been much concerned with the passage to modernity. In our present century, questions and dilemmas of the transition to modernity and the evaluation of “tradition” in the non-Western world have been central to the historical problematique the world over. I have chosen to analyze the modernist understanding of this historical transition in China not only among professional historians in the West, but among Chinese advocates of modernity. Specifically, I will examine the campaigns attacking popular religion during the first three decades of this century. As a movement advocating the establishment of a rational society, these campaigns offer a view of the understanding of this transition, not just in theory and historiography, but in practice.

“To Save the Women of China from Fear, Opium and Bound Feet”: Australian Women Missionaries in Early Twentieth-Century China

Itinerario ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-82
Author(s):  
Sarah Paddle
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
New Woman ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Women Missionaries ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
New Nation ◽  
At Home

This article explores the experiences of Western women missionaries in a faith mission and their relationships with the women and children of China in the early years of the twentieth century. In a period of twenty years of unprecedented social and political revolution missionaries were forced to reconceptualise their work against a changing discourse of Chinese womanhood. In this context, emerging models of the Chinese New Woman and the New Girl challenged older mission constructions of gender. The Chinese reformation also provided missionaries with troubling reflections on their own roles as independent young women, against debates about modern women at home, and the emerging rights of white women as newly enfranchised citizens in the new nation of Australia.

John Redfern and Sons, 1847 to 1892

Costume ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan North
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Courtauld Institute

John Redfern's name appears frequently in the history of couture and late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century fashion, but information on his business is limited. The following is based on research done for the author's MA in the history of dress at the Courtauld Institute in 1993. It examines John Redfern's early years as a draper and how by 1892, he had become the leading ladies' tailor in Britain and France.

A. S. Worrell's New Testament: A Landmark Baptist-Pentecostal Bible Translation from the Early Twentieth Century

Pneuma ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-280
Author(s):  
Michael Kuykendall
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Southern Baptist ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

AbstractEnglish Bible translation has always been ideological, exposing the religious traditions of the translators. But A. S. Worrell's New Testament, published in 1904, is a rarity. Worrell was a Landmark Southern Baptist who converted to Pentecostalism late in life, and his Bible version reflects this unique combination of Landmark and Pentecostal sympathies. This article identifies the marks of both theologies and the ways in which Worrell integrated them into his singular Bible translation.

Apollinaire, Guillaume (1880–1918)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara S. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Pablo Picasso ◽  
Visual Poetry ◽  
Henri Matisse ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Guillaume Apollinaire ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Poetry Collection

Guillaume Apollinaire (1880–1918) was a poet, literary and art critic, playwright, novelist, editor, and journalist. Born in Rome to a Polish-Russian mother and an unknown father, Apollinaire’s birth name was Guglielmo Alberto Wladimiro Alessandro Apollinare de Kostrowitzky, though his family called him Wilhelm (the German form of the Italian Guglielmo). After spending his early years moving throughout Monaco, France, Belgium, and Germany, he finally settled in Paris in 1902, adopting the pen name Guillaume Apollinaire. Apollinaire became a prominent cultural figure in Paris and was a key player in the literary and artistic avant-garde movements of the early twentieth century, particularly Cubism and Surrealism. Apollinaire first gained literary recognition for his poetry collection Alcools (1913) but is best known for inventing calligrams, a form of visual poetry. While Apollinaire was primarily a poet, he earned his living as a journalist and art critic. In his articles and reviews he championed avant-garde art, and was friends with such artists as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Apollinaire fought for France in WWI and returned home in 1916 after receiving a head wound. He survived the war but died of Spanish Flu in 1918.

Huajixi, Heteroglossia, and Maoist Language

2019 ◽  
pp. 162-178
Author(s):  
Ping Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Fourth Period ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
May Fourth ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Huajixi is a genre of farcical performance originated in Shanghai and the surrounding areas in the early twentieth century. The encounter with alien cultures and the influx of population imbued huajixi with an inherent heterogeneity. The abundance of linguistic miscommunication, discordance, and dissonance that elicit laughter in huajixi signifies, in Mikhail Bakhtin’s term, the heteroglossia of language, resulted from the disassociation between language and intentions, language and thoughts, language and expressions. As the content of huajixi had to undergo heavy-handed reform in the early years of PRC, its heteroglossic language remained relatively untouched. In fact, through curating the heteroglossia in huajixi, Maoist discourse showed its willingness to relativize and decenter language consciousness so as to continue the modernization of Chinese language that started in the May Fourth period.

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