scholarly journals The Jartai Pass Site in Nilka County, Xinjiang

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-51

Abstract In 2015 and 2016, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated the Jartai Pass (Jirentai Goukou) Site in Nilka County, Ili Prefecture. The excavation recovered 2500sq m in total, finding 20 house foundations and eight early burials as well as over 1000 artifacts including pottery, stone objects, and bronzes. The Jartai Pass Site was assigned to the Andronovo Culture with a date of about 3600 BP. It thus is the largest and earliest settlement site of the Bronze Age in the Ili River valley found to date. At this site, the earliest evidence for coal use in the world was found as well as evidence for bronze smelting and casting industries and iron ingots of an earlier period. This excavation provided important data for establishing the sequence of the prehistoric archaeological cultures in this area.

Antiquity ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 40 (157) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Georgiev ◽  
N. J. Merpert

Very little work has so far been done on the Bronze Age in South-East Bulgaria. This is an area which is of the greatest importance in the prehistory of South-Eastern Europe, a fact which has been often stressed by archaeologists working in the Eastern Mediterranean [I]. Geographically linked closely to Asia Minor and the Mediterranean lands, and especially to the Troad, South-East Bulgaria should provide important data for the establishment of relations between these lands in the Bronze Age. With these aims in mind the village settlement of Ezero, a site which even before excavation was obviously one of many periods, presented itself clearly as a place for excavation. Ezero, also known as Dipsis, is 3 km. south-east of Nova Zagora: it is not far from the well-known settlement site of Karanovo and 24 km. from the Azmak mound described in a recent number of this journal [2]. Preliminary excavations carried out from 1952-8 at Ezero showed that the settlement had a great thickness of occupation levels dating from the Early Bronze Age. Systematic excavation was restarted in 1961 and continued in 1963 and 1964.The site is bordered by swampy ground and large open water-meadows. The damp, easily worked soil was well suited to primitive agriculture, and the meadows to stock-rearing.


Antiquity ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 15 (60) ◽  
pp. 360-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Grinsell

In many parts of the world and at many periods the practice has prevailed of depositing boats, or models or other representations of them, with the dead, either as a means of facilitating his supposed voyage to another world, or as a symbol of his maritime activities during his lifetime.That the former is generally the correct explanation of the custom there can be no doubt. This is shown by the evidence of the belief in a voyage to a future world, and the customs to which it has given rise, among living primitive peoples in the Pacific Islands and elsewhere, so well collected and presented by the late Sir J. G. Frazer. It is shown also by traditions such as that of our own king Arthur's journey by barge to ‘the island valley of Avilion, where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow’ It is shown also by the ancient Greek and Roman custom of placing a coin in the mouth of the dead to pay Charon's fee for ferrying him across the Styx.


Author(s):  
Eberhard Zangger ◽  
E.C. Krupp ◽  
Serkan Demirel ◽  
Rita Gautschy

Evidence of systematic astronomical observation and the impact of celestial knowledge on culture is plentiful in the Bronze Age societies of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Europe. An interest in astral phenomena is also reflected in Hittite documents, architecture and art. The rock-cut reliefs of 64 deities in the main chamber of Yazilikaya, a Hittite rock sanctuary associated with Hattusa, the Hittite capital in central Anatolia, can be broken into groups marking days, synodic months and solar years. Here, we suggest that the sanctuary in its entirety represents a symbolic image of the cosmos, including its static levels (earth, sky, underworld) and the cyclical processes of renewal and rebirth (day/night, lunar phases, summer/winter). Static levels and celestial cyclicities are emphasised throughout the sanctuary – every single relief relates to this system. We interpret the central panel with the supreme deities, at the far north end of Chamber A, as a reference to the northern stars, the circumpolar realm and the world axis. Chamber B seems to symbolise the netherworld.


Author(s):  
Tünde Horváth

Our survey should by necessity begin earlier, from the close of the Middle Age Copper Age, and should extend to much later, at least until the onset of the Middle Bronze Age, in order to identify and analyse the appearance and spread of the cultural impacts affecting the Baden complex, their in-teraction with neighbouring cultures and, finally, their decline or transformation. Discussed here will be the archaeological cultures flourishing between 4200/4000 and 2200/2000 BC, from the late phase of the Middle Copper Age to its end (3600 BC), the Late Copper Age (ending in 2800 BC), the transi-tion between the Copper Age and the Bronze Age (ending in 2600 BC), and the Early Bronze Age 1–3 (ending in 2000 BC), which I have termed the Age of Transformation.


2013 ◽  
Vol 288 ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Ravazzi ◽  
Mauro Marchetti ◽  
Marco Zanon ◽  
Renata Perego ◽  
Tommaso Quirino ◽  
...  

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Harding

The paper reviews the rise and utility of World Systems Theory in archaeology, with particular reference to Europe and the Bronze Age. After a consideration of its origins in the 1970s and 1980s, the main aspects of the theory are discussed. The evidence that shows that the Bronze Age world was highly interconnected is presented, and the implications of a World Systems view of the period considered. In an attempt to work towards a new narrative of the European Bronze Age, a brief discussion of network methods is introduced, since these offer an alternative, ‘bottom-up’, approach to the period which, it is argued, is more appropriate to the data than the World Systems approach.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-262
Author(s):  
Irina Yurievna Khrustaleva ◽  
Aivar Kriiska ◽  
Margarita Alekseevna Kholkina

The Riigikla I settlement site in northeast Estonia, which was found and excavated at the beginning of 1950s, is an important source of information about the life and households of the Stone Age population in the Eastern Baltic and one of the few settlement sites in Estonia that includes the remains of dwellings. Besides two pit-houses, a few fireplaces, two entire human skeletons and the disarticulated bones of at least three more individuals, as well as a rich inventory comprised of pottery fragments, tools and waste from the production of quartz, bone, antler, flint, etc., were discovered here. At first, the site was interpreted as a single long-term dwelling site. Nevertheless, the discovery of new data at other sites in the region, as well as a partial re-analysis of the pottery and new AMS dates obtained from the human bones, indicated the necessity to revise all the materials. The preliminary results of this work are presented in our paper. It was established that at least four buildings correlated to Narva and Comb Ware cultures existed on the settlement site, indicating that, at least partially, they existed at different times. Find materials in the occupation layer are obviously mixed vertically because of the existence of multi-temporal settlement sites in this area, but they are also clearly correlated to objects horizontally. For a while, this place was apparently visited by the representatives of the Corded Ware culture (judging by the few fragments of pottery). And in the middle of the Bronze Age, people buried their dead here.


Author(s):  
Р.П. Кулумбегов

В Осетии, как и повсеместно на Кавказе, бытовали традиционные мельницы двух основных типов – ручные и водяные. Мельничные механизмы, работающие посредством усилий домашних животных (ослов, верблюдов) или на силе ветра в регионе не получили распространение и были редким исключением. Древнейшим приспособлением для помола зерна была зернотерка, широко распространившаяся в неолите. Значительным шагом в совершенствовании технологии помола стал переход к использованию вращающегося жернова, то есть ручной мельницы. На территории Осетии они известны с эпохи бронзы. Водяные мельницы стали следующим этапом в развитии мукомольной технологии, значительно увеличив производительность. Для устройства мельницы было необходимо наличие источника воды, посредством которой создавался напор водяного потока, приводящий в действие мельничное колесо. В Осетии мельница, работающая от энергии воды, носила название къада куырой – «ручейная мельница». Помимо хозяйственных функций мельница в представлении земледельцев была связана с мифологией. Горцы полагали, что мельничный механизм, работающий без непосредственного участия человека, только на силе воды, является олицетворением сверхъестественных сил. Превращение зерна в муку, с использованием стихии воды, постоянный шум мельничного колеса, не прекращающийся даже ночью, обособленность строения, устные предания с магическим окрасом – все это заставляло относиться к мельнице как к обиталищу темной субстанции. Поэтому мельница является местом-локусом, связанным с мифопоэтическим представлением о мире, его границах, духах места и воды, зонах сакрального пространства и соответствующих им поведенческих норм. Если осетинская мельница къада куырой как элемент механизации труда земледельца описана достаточно полно, то мифологические представления, связанные с ней, все еще нуждаются в исследовании. In Ossetia, as everywhere in the Caucasus, mills were divided into two main types - manual and water. Mill mechanisms working through the efforts of domestic animals (donkeys, camels) or on the strength of the wind in the region under consideration were not widespread and were a rare exception. Hand mills are the most ancient mechanical device for grinding flour, and they have been known in Ossetia since the Bronze Age. Water mills have become the next step in the development of milling technology, greatly increasing productivity. For the work of the mill, it was necessary to have a source of water, by which the pressure of the water flow was created, and which was used to drive the mill wheel. In Ossetia a mill powered by water energy was called Qada Kuyroj. In addition to economic functions, the mill, in the view of agriculturalists was associated with mythology. The mountaineers believed that a mill mechanism that works without human involvement and only on the power of water is a manifestation of supernatural powers. The transformation of grain into flour, using water, the constant noise of the mill wheel, which doesn’t stop even at night, the isolation of the building, oral traditions with magical insides - all this made them treat mill as a place with dark substance. Therefore, the mill is a locus-place associated with mythopoetic idea of ​​the world, its borders, the spirits of place and water, zones of sacred space and behavioral norms. If Ossetian mill qada kwyroj, as the element of mechanization of the work for agriculturalists, is described quite fully, still the mythological ideas associated with it still need further research.


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