scholarly journals Revision of the materials from the Riigiküla I Stone Age settlement site (Estonia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-262
Author(s):  
Irina Yurievna Khrustaleva ◽  
Aivar Kriiska ◽  
Margarita Alekseevna Kholkina
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Baltic ◽  
Ams Dates

The Riigikla I settlement site in northeast Estonia, which was found and excavated at the beginning of 1950s, is an important source of information about the life and households of the Stone Age population in the Eastern Baltic and one of the few settlement sites in Estonia that includes the remains of dwellings. Besides two pit-houses, a few fireplaces, two entire human skeletons and the disarticulated bones of at least three more individuals, as well as a rich inventory comprised of pottery fragments, tools and waste from the production of quartz, bone, antler, flint, etc., were discovered here. At first, the site was interpreted as a single long-term dwelling site. Nevertheless, the discovery of new data at other sites in the region, as well as a partial re-analysis of the pottery and new AMS dates obtained from the human bones, indicated the necessity to revise all the materials. The preliminary results of this work are presented in our paper. It was established that at least four buildings correlated to Narva and Comb Ware cultures existed on the settlement site, indicating that, at least partially, they existed at different times. Find materials in the occupation layer are obviously mixed vertically because of the existence of multi-temporal settlement sites in this area, but they are also clearly correlated to objects horizontally. For a while, this place was apparently visited by the representatives of the Corded Ware culture (judging by the few fragments of pottery). And in the middle of the Bronze Age, people buried their dead here.

Aquatic Radiocarbon Reservoir Offsets in the Southeastern Baltic

Radiocarbon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gytis Piličiauskas ◽  
Carl Heron
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Curonian Lagoon ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Ceramic Vessel ◽  
Pike Perch ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Ams Dates

The aim of this article is to discuss radiocarbon dating offsets due to freshwater and marine reservoir effects (FRE and MRE, respectively) in the southeastern Baltic. Thirty-six 14C dates from Lithuanian coastal and inland Subneolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age sites as well as two Mesolithic-Neolithic cemeteries are presented here. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates, sometimes paired or tripled, have been obtained on samples of various origin, foodcrusts, or visible charred deposits adhering to the surfaces of ceramic vessel walls were also dated and investigated for stable isotope signals. The results argue for a significant freshwater component in the food processed in ceramic vessels during the Subneolithic and Neolithic. Paired dating of ungulate and human bones at the Spiginas and Donkalnis cemeteries (6300–1900 cal BC) does not suggest an FRE, although stable isotope data on human bone collagen strongly suggest a large input of freshwater food in the diet. An FRE in the order of 320–510 yr was estimated for the Šventoji paleolagoon around 3000 cal BC. At the same time, the FRE of the Curonian Lagoon could be larger as implied by large apparent 14C ages of modern pike-perch (981 ± 30 BP) and bream (738 ± 30 BP) bones as well as “foodcrust” offsets (650–530 yr) at Nida (3500–2500 cal BC). An MRE of 190 ± 43 yr was estimated for the southeastern coast of the Littorina Sea according to offsets between dates of seal bones and terrestrial samples at Nida and Šventoji. Any FRE at Lake Kretuonas remains uncertain due to the limited work to date.

scholarly journals THE OLDEST ROCK ART SITES OF THE KARATAU RANGE: PETROGLYPHS OF KARASUYIR

2022 ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
С. С. Мургабаев ◽  
Л. Д. Малдыбекова
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Bronze Age

Статья посвящена новому памятнику наскального искусства хребта Каратау, открытому в урочище Карасуйир. Приводится краткое описание памятника, публикуются наиболее важные изображения. Сюжеты и стилистические особенности основной чaсти петроглифов памятника Карасуйир связаны с эпохой бронзы, остaльные рисунки отнесены к эпохе рaннего железа и, возможно, к эпохе камня. Для некоторых из них предложена предварительная интерпретация. The article is devoted to a new rock art site of the Karatau Range, discovered in the Karasuyir Area. A brief description of the site is provided, and the most important images are published. Subjects and stylistic features of the main part of Karasuyir petroglyphs are associated with the Bronze Age, and other engravings are related to the early Iron Age and, perhaps, to the Stone Age. A preliminary interpretation is proposed for some of them.

scholarly journals Waste Management in Bronze Age Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Filip Havlíček ◽  
Martin Kuča
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Bronze Age

AbstractThis article deals with the relationship between humans and waste in the Bronze Age. Based on selected examples of waste management strategies from the European Bronze Age, it presents an overview of different strategies. In comparison with the preceding Stone Age, a new type of material began to appear: metal. The process involved in producing metal objects, however, brought with it the appearance of a specific type of waste material that is indelibly linked to the production of metal. This article also deals with the significance of ritualized social activities in the Bronze Age, which materialized in waste and waste management strategies.

North European Rock Art

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim Goldhahn
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migration Period ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter offers a long-term perspective on rock art in northern Europe. It first provides an overview of research on the rock art traditions of northern Europe before discussing the societies and cultures that created such traditions. It then considers examples of rock art made by hunter-gatherer societies in northern Europe, focusing on the first rock art boom related to Neolithization. It also examines the second rock art boom, which was associated with social and religious changes within farming communities that took place around 1600–1400 bc. The chapter concludes by analysing the breakdown of long-distance networks in the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age and its consequences for the making of rock art within the southern traditions, as well as the use of rock art sites during the Pre-Roman Iron Age, Roman Iron Age, and Migration Period.

ARCHAEOLOGISTS M.P. GRYAZNOV, V.I. MATYUSHCHENKO AND THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
MARSADOLOV L. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The State ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age

Many decades the life and work of Mikhail Petrovich Gryaznov (1902-1984) was connected with the State Hermitage museum. Long-term friendship bound him with Vladimir Ivanovich Matyushchenko (1928-2005). These archaeologists were lucky in the excavations in the field and in the office behind a desk that was reached by stressful daily work. The most valuable materials from the excavations of M.P. Gryaznov were transferred to the Hermitage (Pazyryk-1, Arzhan-1), and in the museum's funds he taught a course in tracology for students of LSU. Archaeologists are well aware of the scientific works of VI. Matyushchenko on the history of Siberian archaeology, materials from excavations of the Bronze Age sites in the Tomsk and Omsk regions (Elovka, Rostovka and others), and the mounds of the Xiongnu era in Sidorovka. This article briefly discusses the main stages of M.P. Gryaznov's work in the Hermitage and his further relations with this museum. The author of the article was familiar with M.P. Gryaznov and VI. Matyushchenko, studied archaeology with them, gained experience and repeatedly helped them, both in the Hermitage and beyond. Keywords: M.P Gryaznov, V.I. Matyushchenko, hermitage, Pazyryk, Arzhan, state award

Household Economy, Long-Term Change, and Social Transformation: The Bronze Age Political Economy of Northwestern Europe

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Kristiansen
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Term Change ◽  
History Of Vegetation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Triggering Factor ◽  
The Bronze Age

In this article I examine how long-term economic strategies in the Bronze Age of northern Europe between 2300 and 500 BCE transformed the environment and thus created and imposed new ecological constraints that finally led to a major social transformation and a "dark age" that became the start of the new long-term cycle of the Iron Age. During the last 30 years hundreds of well-excavated farmsteads and houses from south Scandinavia have made it possible to reconstruct the size and the structure of settlement and individual households through time. During the same period numerous pollen diagrams have established the history of vegetation and environmental changes. I will therefore use the size of individual households or farmsteads as a parameter of economic strength, and to this I add the role of metal as a triggering factor in the economy, especially after 1700 BCE when a full-scale bronze technology was adopted and after 500 BCE when it was replaced by iron as the dominant metal. A major theoretical concern is the relationships between micro- and macroeconomic changes and how they articulated in economic practices. Finally the nature of the "dark age" during the beginning of the Iron Age will be discussed, referring to Sing Chew's use of the concept (Chew 2006).

Materials, Humankind and Peace

2010 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Masao Doyama
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
First Century ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Double Helices ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
Present World ◽  
The Bronze Age

The ages used by humankind can be divided in the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. In twentieth century instead of one material, a number of diversified materials dominated, and all are diversified. “Right materials in right purposes” was the motto in the last century. In the twenty-first century, the limitation of natural resources and balance of earth have to be considered. Global warming is one of the most important problems in the present world. Materials development and utilization should be done as shown in the model of double helices. Use of comparatively clean nuclear energies is important. Here we discuss the education about the materials from Japanese viewpoint.

Prehistory in Denmark: 1939–1945

1945 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therkel Mathiassen
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Good Proportion

The period of the war has in Denmark, as in most other European countries, been one of difficulty and anxiety. Would it be possible to carry on the fieldwork, and, still more important, to preserve the valuable collections and carry them safe through this life- and death-battle of all the great world powers? The danger was especially obvious after the German occupation of Denmark in 1940. In the National Museum at Copenhagen we have one of the best prehistoric collections in Europe, and it was with great anxiety that we saw Copenhagen changed into an important German base. Air raids and invasion by the Allied forces were both expected, and, still worse, the enemy threatened to bomb the museum as vengeance for the sabotage done by the Danish Resistance Movement. A good proportion of the collections was dismantled, some of it evacuated to safe places, and some of it deposited in the cellars of the museum. Fortunately the National Museum—and also all the prehistoric museums in the small towns—came through the war without damage.The museum authorities tried to save the prehistoric remains in the country—protected by law—from violation through the German fortification works. We got a promise from the German military authorities that nothing would be destroyed without very important military reasons; but a good many barrows from the Stone Age and the Bronze Age had to be removed at the large new flying bases, especially in Jutland. Although we got a chance to excavate most of the barrows before destruction, many others—more than 200—were destroyed or damaged by the various fortifications, mostly in western Jutland. It will, however, be possible to restore a good many of them.

Rescuing and publishing archaeology in Uppland, Sweden - Niklas Steinbäck (ed.). Stenåldern i Uppland: uppdragsarkeologi och eftertanke [The Stone Age in Uppland: rescue archaeology and afterthought] (Arkeologi E4 Uppland–studier, volym 1). 560 pages, numerous colour & b&w illustrations and tables. 2007. Uppsala: Riksantikvarieämbetet 978-91-7209-465-9; Societas Archeologica Uppsaliensis 978-91-976723-0-6; Upplandmuseet 978-91-85618-91-0 hardback. - Michel Notelid (ed.). Att nå den andra sidan: om begravning och ritual i Uppland [Reaching the other side: burial and ritual in Uppland] (Arkeologi E4 Uppland–studier, volym 2). 538 pages, numerous colour & b&w illustrations and tables. 2007. Uppsala: Riksantikvarieämbetet 978-91-7209-466-6; Societas Archeologica Uppsaliensis 978-91-976723-1-3; Upplandmuseet 978-91-85618-92-7 hardback. - Hans Göthberg (ed.). Hus och bebyggelse i Uppland: delar av förhistoriska sammanhang [House and settlement in Uppland: fragments of prehistoric context] (Arkeologi E4 Uppland–studier, volym 3). 472 pages, numerous colour & b&w illustrations and tables. 2007. Uppsala: Riksantikvarieämbetet 978-91-7209-467-3; Societas Archeologica Uppsaliensis 978-91-976723-2-0; Upplandmuseet 978-91-85618-93-4 hardback. - Eva Hjärthner-Holdar, Håken Ranheden & Anton Seiler (ed.). Land och samhälle i förändring: Uppländska bygder i ett långtidsperspektiv [Land and society in transformation: Uppland settlements in a long-term perspective] (Arkeologi E4 Uppland–studier, volym 4). 778 pages, numerous colour & b&w illustrations and tables. 2007. Uppsala: Riksantikvarieämbetet 978-91-7209-478-9; Societas Archeologica Uppsaliensis 978-91-97672-3-7; Upplandmuseet 978-91-85618-94-0 hardback. - Eva Hjärthner-Holdar, Thomas Eriksson & Anna Östling (ed.). Mellan himmel och jord: Ryssgärdet, en guldskimrande bronseåldersmiljö i centrala Uppland [Between Heaven and Earth: Ryssgärdet, a golden Bronze Age environment in central Uppland] (Arkeologi E4 Uppland–studier, volym 5). 556 pages, numerous colour & b&w illustrations and tables. 2008. Uppsala: Riksantikvarieämbetet 978-91-7209-479-6 hardback. - Niclas Björck & Eva Hjärthner-Holdar (ed.). Mellan hav och skog: Högmossen, en stenåldersmiljö vid en skimrande strand i Norra Uppland [Between sea and forest: Högmossen, a Stone Age environment at a glistening beach in Norra Uppland] (Arkeologi E4 Uppland–studier, volym 6). 416 pages, numerous colour & b&w illustrations and tables, CD-ROM. 2008. Uppsala: Riksantikvarieämbetet 978-91-7209-498-7 hardback.

Antiquity ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (322) ◽  
pp. 1176-1178
Author(s):  
Ole Grøn
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Heaven And Earth
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