Processing latencies of competing forms in analogical levelling as evidence of frequency effects on entrenchment in ongoing language change

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-600
Author(s):  
Anne Krause-Lerche
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Current State ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Behavioural Tests

AbstractThe reason which is generally given in the usage-based literature to account for the retention of irregularity in high frequency items during analogical change isentrenchment: a frequently occurring irregular linguistic unit resists analogical levelling because it is highly entrenched in speakers’ mental lexicons through its repeated use. Although previous research similarly suggests that the entrenchment of irregular and regularised forms competing during analogical levelling should be proportional to their frequency of use, evidence for this relation between frequency and entrenchment comes exclusively from corpus-based studies; what is missing, therefore, are behavioural tests contrasting the competing innovative and conservative forms. The present paper aims to provide converging evidence for an entrenchment-based explanation of frequency patterns in analogical change on the basis of data obtained from an experiment in which participants are presented with traditional and analogical variants of a variable currently undergoing analogical levelling. Differences in processing latencies obtained during the experiment are interpreted as differences in entrenchment. The results provide i) evidence in favour of the prevalent entrenchment-based explanation of the conserving effect of frequency in analogical change, and ii) evidence of the current state and spread of the change under investigation.

scholarly journals A Study on Current State in Stitches and Seams Usage for Building Smart Sewing Systems: Focused on Sewing Specification of Cut and Sewn Knit

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-374
Author(s):  
Suyeon Lee ◽  
Hee Jung Ha
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Current State ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Standard Terminology ◽  
International Standardization ◽  
Standard Terms

This study suggests the use of standardized sewing terms for the construction of smart sewing systems. This study analyzed the use of stitches (ISO 4915) and seams (ISO 4916) for cut and sewn knit garment which are the basic elements of sewing on an ISO basis. The results of the analysis of sewing specifications of cut and sewn knit garments are as follows. First, the use of stitches and seams were analyzed. As a result, both stitches and seams were used as non-standard terms. Second, among 3,263 stitches, ISO 4915 No. 406 followed by 401, 504, 605 were the most frequently used; however, ISO 4915 No. 514 was anticipated the most because the ISO 4915 No. 514 used for joining was not recorded in the sewing specification. Finally, the use of stitch for each seam was analyzed. The most common stitch used for ISO 4916 No. 6.02.07 was ISO 4915 No. 406. In addition, when it was sewing ISO 4916 No. 4.04.01, ISO 4915 No. 504 was used in step 1, and ISO 4915 No. 406, 602, and 605 were used in step 2. It is important to use the international standard sewing terms for the production site based on the results. In addition, the construction of smart sewing systems and the work of international standardization through industryuniversity cooperation are important for securing global competitiveness. Therefore, the use of international standard terminology and practical training should be conducted with a focus on stitching and seams with high frequency of use.

Real Ear Sound Pressure Levels Developed by Three Portable Stereo System Earphones

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test System ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.

Experience Matters

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro S. Mendes ◽  
Karlos Luna ◽  
Pedro B. Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Judgments Of Learning ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Actual Frequency ◽  
Actual Word ◽  
High Frequency Words

Abstract. The present study tested if word frequency effects on judgments of learning (JOLs) are exclusively due to beliefs or if the direct experience with the items also plays a role. Across four experiments, participants read prompts about the frequency of the words (high/low), which could be congruent/incongruent with the words’ actual frequency. They made pre-study JOLs (except Experiment 1b), immediate JOLs, and completed a recall test. If experience drives the effect, JOLs should be based on actual word frequency rather than the prompts. Results showed higher pre-study JOLs for prompts of high frequency, but higher immediate JOLs for high-frequency words regardless of the prompt, suggesting an effect of direct experience with the words. In Experiments 2 and 3, we manipulated participants’ beliefs, finding a small effect of beliefs on JOLs. We conclude that, regarding word frequency, direct experience with the items seems more relevant than beliefs when making immediate JOLs.

Wordform-specific frequency effects cause acoustic variation in zero-inflected homophones

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-739
Author(s):  
Eva Maria Luef ◽  
Jong-Seung Sun
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
Specific Frequency ◽  
Phonetic Reduction ◽  
Acoustic Variation

Abstract The frequency with which a word appears in the lexicon has implications for its pronunciation. Numerous studies have shown that high-frequency lemma are characterized by more phonetic reduction than lower-frequency lemma. These findings have proven to be particularly useful in the study of homophones where frequency-related reduction processes can give insights into lexical access theories. The majority of research on homophones and frequency effects has focused on heterographic and semantically unrelated homophones (e.g., English time – thyme) or investigated zero-derived homophones (e.g., English the cut, noun – to cut, verb). Here, zero inflection in German pluralization (e.g., ein Würfel ‘one die’– zwei Würfel ‘two dice’) was investigated to determine if and how frequency effects impact on the acoustic realization of the homophonous singular-plural word pairs. The findings indicate that the number-specified wordforms show acoustic variation related to wordform frequency and the relative frequency of the singular to plural inflected forms. Results differ for durations of wordforms, stem vowels, and final phonemes. Our findings have implications for lexical access theories and can inform about ‘frequency inheritance’ across the singular and plural homophones of the zero-inflected plurals.

scholarly journals Abay and modern Kazakh art texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
A Adilova ◽  
◽  
B.S. Kaukerbekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
National Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Verbal Art ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
Word Use ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Literary Process

The article considers the place of Abay's poems in modern Kazakh artistic texts. Each author conveys his worldview and worldview in different situations through an artistic text. His lexicon includes, along with various means of the national language, fragments of various texts known to varying degrees in a certain linguistic and cultural community, as well as the word use of poets and writers who lived and worked before him. Such fragments may be used without change or А.С. Əділова, Б.С. Каукербекова 12 Вестник Карагандинского университета with a transformation. In the Kazakh linguistic and cultural community, Abay's poems can be called strong literary texts with a high frequency of use. Quotation at the level of structure, word, phrase, sentence, whole text can be seen in poetic and prose texts of the last 60–70 years in the Kazakh literary process. In this regard, the texts of such writers as M. Makataev, M. Magauin, J. Abdrashev, G. Zhailybai, G. Sаlykbai, M. Raiymbek, J. Sarsek are immediately recalled. Pointing out that this trend continues by young poets engaged in creativity in the last decades of this, XXI century, the authors concludes that the legacy of Abay is a standard of verbal art for more generations of poets and writers.

scholarly journals English Learning Strategies of Economics-majored Students at Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luu Hon Vu ◽  
Le Quoc Tuan ◽  
Tran Thi Ngoc Anh ◽  
Nguyen Thi Phuong Truc
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
English Learning ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Language Learning Strategies ◽  
Frequency Of Use

The purpose of this research paper is to look into the current situation of using learning strategies and the key factors that influence English learning strategies of tertiary students who major in economics at Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City. On the basis of Oxford’s (1990) theory on language learning strategies, the study conducted a questionnaire survey with the participation of 300 students. The results show that economics-majored students use English learning strategies at a relatively high frequency, with the metacognitive strategies group having the highest frequency; the groups of affective strategies and compensation strategies have the lowest frequency of use. It also draws a conlusion that individual factors such as gender, grade level, and major do not appear to have a significant impact on students' use of English learning strategies. There are no significant differences between male and female students, between students of all grades, and between students of different majors in the frequency of using English learning strategies.

scholarly journals Language-Related Skills in Bilingual Children With Specific Learning Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Riva ◽  
Alessandro Musetti ◽  
Monica Bomba ◽  
Lorenzo Milani ◽  
Valentina Montrasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Grammatical Skills ◽  
Semantic Errors ◽  
Specific Learning

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to better understand the characteristics of the language-related skills of bilingual children with specific learning disorders (SLD). The aim is achieved by analyzing language-related skills in a sample of bilingual (Italian plus another language) and Italian monolingual children, with and without SLD.Patients and methods: A total of 72 minors aged between 9 and 11 were recruited and divided into four groups: 18 Italian monolingual children with SLD, 18 bilingual children with SLD, 18 Italian monolingual children without SLD, and 18 bilingual children without SLD. Each child underwent tests to evaluate different aspects of language skills: lexical and grammar, metalanguage and executive functions.Results: With regard to lexical and grammatical skills, the conditions of SLD and bilingualism both impact naming in terms of total number of errors for words with low frequency of use, while the condition of SLD has an effect on semantic errors for words with low frequency of use. The condition of bilingualism impacts on the total errors for words with high frequency of use and on circumlocution-type errors for words with low frequency of use. There were significant effects of bilingualism and SLD on the metalinguistic test for understanding implicit meaning, and an impact of SLD on phonological awareness was also found.Conclusion: The results suggest that both SLD and bilingualism have an effect on some lexical skills, in particular for words with low frequency of use. Both conditions, bilingualism and SLD, seem to impact on metalinguistic abilities that depend on lexical knowledge. These findings reinforce the importance of improving understanding of the neuropsychological profile of bilingual children with SLD.

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