Virgin coconut oil abrogates depression-associated cognitive deficits by modulating hippocampal antioxidant balance, GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edem Ekpenyong Edem ◽  
Blessing Eghosa Ihaza ◽  
Adedamola Adediran Fafure ◽  
Azeez Olakunle Ishola ◽  
Kate Eberechukwu Nebo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Antioxidant Concentration

Abstract Objectives GABA and glutamate neurotransmission play critical roles in both the neurobiology of depression and cognition; and Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is reported to support brain health. The present study investigated the effect of VCO on depression-associated cognitive deficits in mice. Methods Thirty male mice divided into five groups were either exposed to chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) protocol for 28 days or pre-treated with 3 mL/kg b. wt. of VCO for 21 days or post-treated with 3 mL/kg b. wt. of VCO for 21 days following 28 days of CUMS exposure. Mice were subjected to behavioural assessments for depressive-like behaviours and short-term memory, and thereafter euthanised. Hippocampal tissue was dissected from the harvested whole brain for biochemical and immunohistochemical evaluations. Results Our results showed that CUMS exposure produced depressive-like behaviours, cognitive deficits and altered hippocampal redox balance. However, treatment with VCO abrogated depression-associated cognitive impairment, and enhanced hippocampal antioxidant concentration. Furthermore, immunohistochemical evaluation revealed significant improvement in GABAA and mGluR1a immunoreactivity following treatment with VCO in the depressed mice. Conclusions Therefore, findings from this study support the dietary application of VCO to enhance neural resilience in patients with depression and related disorders.

Understanding the Cognition Related to Mathematics Difficulties: A Meta-Analysis on the Cognitive Deficit Profiles and the Bottleneck Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Peng ◽  
Cuicui Wang ◽  
Jessica Namkung
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Mathematics Difficulties

The current study investigated the cognitive deficit profiles among individuals with mathematics difficulties (MD) and potential moderators and mechanism for these profiles. Seventy-five cognitive profiling studies on MD were included, representing a total of 13,001 individuals and 126 independent samples. Results showed that compared with typically developing individuals, individuals with MD showed deficits (from most severe to less severe) in phonological processing, processing speed, working memory, attention, short-term memory, executive functions, and visuospatial skills. Moderation analyses indicated that comorbidity (with reading disabilities) and types of MD screening affected the cognitive deficits. Severity of MD was related to processing speed deficits. Deficits in phonological processing and attention were more severe in younger individuals with MD. Deficits in processing speed and working memory were most severe in the numerical domain. Deficits in low-level cognitive skills (i.e., processing speed and short-term memory) could not completely explain the deficits in high-level skills (i.e., working memory, attention, and executive functions), partially supporting the bottleneck theory. These findings, taken together, suggest that (a) deficits in processing speed and working memory are most salient and stable cognitive markers of MD, (b) numerical-processing deficit and the cognitive deficits of MD are relatively independent from each other, and (c) MD may be a discrete construct with heterogeneity reflected by MD subtypes and age. Implications for incorporating cognition in the diagnosis and the interventions for MD are discussed.

Age Differences in Recognition Memory

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Secondary Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Recognition Probe ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Memory Word

It is generally believed that short-term memory (STM) performance decreases from maturity to old age, but the present paper questions the generality of this conclusion. The first experiment reported is a short-term recognition probe study—no significant age differences were found in either acquisition or the rate of forgetting. It is suggested that age decrements in STM are limited to situations where attention is divided at input or where the material must be manipulated during storage. Experiment II confirmed previous findings of minimal age losses in secondary memory word recognition. The results of this second study support the conclusion that there is poorer accessibility to stored verbal material with advancing age.

Short-term supplement of virgin coconut oil improves endothelial-dependent dilation but not exercise-mediated hyperemia in young adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Robinson ◽  
Myles W. O'Brien ◽  
Scott A. Grandy ◽  
Stefan Heinze-Milne ◽  
Derek S. Kimmerly
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Short Term

Hot-processed virgin coconut oil abrogates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by restoring redox balance in rats compared to fermentation-processed virgin coconut oil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Arunaksharan Narayanankutty ◽  
Soorya Parathodi Illam ◽  
Varsha Rao ◽  
Sabah Shehabudheen ◽  
Achuthan C. Raghavamenon
Keyword(s):  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil

scholarly journals S181. ANALYSIS OF THE AMELIORATING EFFECT OF D-SERINE ON GLUN2D DEFICIENT MICE

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S107-S107
Author(s):  
Anne Mallien ◽  
Anne Herb ◽  
Hannah Monyer ◽  
Dragos Inta ◽  
Peter Gass
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Deficient Mice

Abstract Background The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction as a major pathophysiological mechanism based on clinical observations and preclinical evidence. Mice with globally reduced NMDAR expression display hyperlocomotion, sensorimotor gating deficits, cognitive deficits and social withdrawal. NMDARs are tetramers composed of 2 obligatory GluN1 (NR1) and 2 variable GluN2A-D (NR2A-D) subunits. GluN2A and GluN2B are the main cortical NMDAR subunits, but genetic models provided evidence that psychosis-like effects of NMDAR antagonists are mediated by GluN2C/GluN2D subunits. Previous data suggest a role also of the GluN2D subunit in schizophrenia-associated abnormalities [1]. Methods We aimed to assess a comprehensive behavioural phenotyping of GluN2D deficient mice, including locomotion, affective behaviours and general welfare, but drew special focus on cognitive functions, including spatial learning, short-term and long-term memory, as well as puzzle solving. We further investigated the effect of D-Serine on the GluN2D KO mice. D-Serine is a NMDAR modulator and acts as an agonist at the glycine site. Previous work in clinical trials suggests significant therapeutic effects of D-serine on negative and positive symptoms, cognitive deficits and motor symptoms. We used the chronic application of D-Serin by supplementing it into the drinking water of the subjects. Results Preliminary data indicate no effect on locomotor alterations of the GluN2D mice, however a potential improvement in short-term memory and wellbeing-associated parameters. They indicate a role of the GluN2D subunit and a beneficial effect of D-serine on schizophrenia-induced parameters, including physiological, welfare-associated burrowing and cognitive performance in the short term task of the puzzle box test. Discussion Our preliminary data indicate a role of the GluN2D subunit in the emergence of cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia and a potential therapeutic effect of D-serine in alleviating these deficits. Further investigations are planned to further validate these findings. Reference

scholarly journals Influence of Antidepressant Medication on Short Term Memory in Chronic Mild Stress Mouse Model of Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Saeed Mustapha ◽  
◽  
Majidat Oshafu ◽  
Umar Adam ◽  
Yusuf Yusha’u ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Novel Object Recognition ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Y Maze

Depression is among the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Researchers have identified a link between depression and different types of memory loss, including short term memory (STM). Also, the memory impairment in depression is a function of severity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of antidepressant medication on short term memory in chronic mild stress (CMS) mouse model of depression. A total of eighteen female mice were randomly divided into three groups of six mice each (n=6). Group I served as normal control, group II were exposed to CMS for 14 days, group III were exposed to CMS for 14 days, and thereafter treated with paroxetine at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 14 days. Short term memory was assessed using batteries of cognitive tests including the Y-maze and novel object recognition. Further antidepressant effect was measured using the tail suspension test (TST). The results showed that paroxetine at 20 mg/kg significantly improved the short term memory of the depressed female mice (p<0.05) in the Y-maze and novel object (recognition) tasks after CMS. Therefore, paroxetine might be used to enhance short term memory in depressed individuals, although clinical studies are required to confirm this finding.

The neuropsychology of mental retardation

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret B. Pulsifer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Fetal Alcohol ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Visuospatial Abilities ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Sequential Information

AbstractThis critical review examines mental retardation (MR) from a neuropsychological perspective. Competing definitions of MR are discussed and the prevalence is estimated. Descriptions are given of idiopathic MR and the five major identifiable prenatal causes of MR: fetal alcohol syndrome, Down's syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Angelman syndrome. Similarities and differences among syndromes are examined. Cognitive deficits common to all disorders were in attention, short-term memory, and sequential information processing, whereas language and visuospatial abilities were varied. Neuroanatomical abnormalities common to all disorders were in the hippocampus and cerebellum; individual disorders typically showed a unique pattern of other neurological abnormalities. Both knowledge of individual MR-related disorders and comparative research between disorders are important for researchers and clinicians. Further research is called for in both areas. (JINS, 1996, 2, 159–176.)

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

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