Communities of fungi in decomposed wood of oak and pine

Abstract The abundance and diversity of wood decomposing fungi were investigated by isolating and cultivating filamentous fungi from wood and by detection of fruit bodies of ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi. The objective was to study the impact of forest management on fungi in 100-year-old oak and 87-year-old Scots pine forests in Northern Poland. Fungi were found on coarse woody debris of decayed stumps and fallen logs, boughs and branches in each of the three (managed and unmanaged) examined stands. In total, 226 species of Oomycota and fungi were recorded. Oak wood was colonized by one species of Oomycota and 141 species of fungi including Zygomycota (19 species), Ascomycota (103 species) and Basidiomycota (19 species). Scots pine wood was also colonized by one species of Oomycota and 138 species of fungi including Zygomycota (19 species), Ascomycota (90 species) and Basidiomycota (29 species). In the first, second and third stages of decomposition, the oak wood was colonized by 101, 89 and 56 species of fungi respectively and pine wood was colonized by 82, 103 and 47 species respectively. Eighty three of the observed species (37%) occurred on both types of wood, while the other species displayed nutritional preferences. A decrease in the number of species with advancing decay indicates the necessity for a continuous supply of dead wood to the forest ecosystem. This supply would secure the continuity of fauna and flora and guarantee a stable forest development. The nutritional and ecological preferences of many fungal species furthermore indicate the necessity of supplying the forests with wood of different species. In commercially managed forests the results obtained here will aid in: (i) the development of strategies for effective dead wood management in the context of forest productivity and future wood stock growth, as well as (ii) finding a compromise between forest management requirements and environmental protection.

Download Full-text

Potential biodiversity impacts of forest biofuel harvest: lichen assemblages on stumps and slash of Scots pine

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2014-0532 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (10) ◽

pp. 1239-1247 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. Hämäläinen ◽

J. Kouki ◽

P. Lõhmus

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Prescribed Burning ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Woody Debris ◽

Lichen Species ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Old Growth Forest ◽

Tree Retention ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

The Impact

Harvesting stumps and logging residues for energy production may have negative impacts on forest species, especially those associated with dead wood. We assessed the potential impact of biofuel harvest on epiphytic lichens by studying the lichen assemblages on stumps and downed fine woody debris (FWD) of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in clear-cut, mature managed, and old-growth forest stands in eastern Finland. We also examined the impact of tree retention level and prescribed burning on these assemblages. A total of 102 lichen species (including 13 red-listed species) were observed, with 95 species on stumps and 69 species on downed FWD. Composition of the species assemblages differed between stumps and downed FWD and between stumps of different age. Tree retention (in comparison with clear-cut sites) and prescribed burning resulted in a slightly higher species richness on cut stumps 12 years after harvest but did not affect the assemblages on downed FWD or older stumps. We conclude that stumps and downed FWD of Scots pine can host high numbers of lichen species, including red-listed ones. Most of the species occurred also on other substrates and are, therefore, not likely to be affected by biofuel harvest. However, for dead wood dependent lichen species, intensive biofuel harvest is potentially harmful, though the severity of this impact likely depends on the landscape-level availability of other woody substrates.

Download Full-text

Saproxylic insect assemblages in Canadian forests: diversity, ecology, and conservation

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/n07-ls02 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 140 (4) ◽

pp. 453-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

David W. Langor ◽

H.E. James Hammond ◽

John R. Spence ◽

Joshua Jacobs ◽

Tyler P. Cobb

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Boreal Forests ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Sustainable Forest Management ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Stand Age ◽

Managed Forests ◽

Saproxylic Insects ◽

Associated Species ◽

Experimental Burns

AbstractSaproxylic insect assemblages inhabiting dead wood in Canadian forests are highly diverse and variable but quite poorly understood. Adequate assessment of these assemblages poses significant challenges with respect to sampling, taxonomy, and analysis. Their assessment is nonetheless critical to attaining the broad goals of sustainable forest management because such species are disproportionately threatened elsewhere by the reductions in dead wood generally associated with commercial exploitation of northern forests. The composition of the saproxylic fauna is influenced by many factors, including tree species, degree of decay, stand age, and cause of tree death. Wildfire and forest harvesting have differential impacts on saproxylic insect assemblages and on their recovery in postdisturbance stands. Exploration of saproxylic insect responses to variable retention harvesting and experimental burns is contributing to the development of prescriptions for conserving saproxylic insects in boreal forests. Understanding of processes that determine diversity patterns and responses of saproxylic insects would benefit from increased attention to natural history. Such work should aim to provide a habitat-classification system for dead wood to better identify habitats (and associated species) at risk as a result of forest management. This tool could also be used to improve strategies to better maintain saproxylic organisms and their central nutrient-cycling functions in managed forests.

Download Full-text

How Dead Wood in the Forest Decreases Relaxation? The Effects of Viewing of Dead Wood in the Forest Environment on Psychological Responses of Young Adults

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12070871 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 871

Author(s):

Emilia Janeczko ◽

Ernest Bielinis ◽

Ulfah Tiarasari ◽

Małgorzata Woźnicka ◽

Wojciech Kędziora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Short Exposure ◽

Managed Forests ◽

Environment Impact ◽

Forest Environment ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Before And After ◽

Positive Feelings ◽

The Impact

The intensity of the neutral environment impact on humans may be determined by specific features of space, including dead wood occurrence. Dead wood is claimed to be disliked by the public because it reduces the scenic beauty and recreational values of the forest. The attractiveness of a forest with dead wood may be determined by its variants. Much is known about the preference for landscape with dead wood, but there is little information available about how such a landscape affects a person’s mental relaxation, improves mood, increases positive feelings, levels of vitality, etc. Hence, the aim of our research was to investigate the psycho-logical relaxing effects of short 15-min exposures to natural and managed forests with dead wood. In the study, three areas within the Białowieża Primeval Forest were used to measure the impact of different types of forest with dead wood (A: forest reserve with dead wood subject to natural decomposition processes; B: managed forest with visible cut wood and stumps; C: man-aged forest with dead trees from bark beetle outbreak standing) on human psychological relaxation in a randomized experiment. The participants of the experiment were forty-one young adults aged 19–20. Each respondent experienced each type of forest at intervals visiting it. Four psychological questionnaires were used in the project (Profile of Mood States (POMS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS), and Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS)) before and after the short exposure to the forest were evaluated. The results show that a forest landscape with dead wood affects the human psyche, and the relaxing properties of such a landscape are better in a protected forest with natural, slow processes of tree dieback than those obtained in managed forests

Download Full-text

Fungal communities in barren forest soil after amendment with different wood substrates and their possible effects on trees’, pathogens, insects and nematodes

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.1515/jppr-2015-0042 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 301-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Monika Małecka ◽

Hanna Kwaśna ◽

Wojciech Szewczyk

Keyword(s):

Forest Soil ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Woody Debris ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Pine Sawdust ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Abundance And Diversity

AbstractScots pine sawdust, composted bark or coarse, post-harvest woody debris from conifers had been spread over the surface of barren forest soil before planting with Scots pine. The effects of the Scots pine sawdust, composted bark or coarse, post-harvest woody debris from conifers on the abundance and diversity of culturable fungi were investigated. The amendments were aimed at increasing the soil suppressiveness toArmillariaandHeterobasidion.The classical soil-dilution method was chosen for qualitative and quantitative analyses of fungal communities in soils because of its proven reliability and consistency. The soil was inhabited by saprotrophic fungi from Ascomycota and Zygomycota, including species known to be potential antagonists ofArmillariaorH. annosum(i.e.Clonostachys + Trichodermaspp.,Penicillium commune, P. daleae,P. janczewskii) or stimulants ofArmillaria(i.e.Pseudogymnoascus roseus,Trichocladium opacum). Eleven years after treatment, the abundance and diversity of fungi, the abundance ofP. commune, and locally the abundance ofP. janczewskiiincreased, whileClonostachys + Trichodermaspp., and locally,P. daleaeandT. opacumdecreased. Amending the barren soil with organic matter does not guarantee effective, long-term suppressiveness of the sandy loam soil toArmillariaandHeterobasidion.Increased abundance of entomopathogenic and nematophagous species, 11 years after treatment, does suggest the long-term possibility of insect or nematode control in soil.

Download Full-text

Abundance and diversity of edaphic mites (Arachnida, Acari) under different forest management systems in Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d220911 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Ihsan ◽

Retno Dyah Puspitarini ◽

Aminudin Afandhi ◽

Ito Fernando

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Secondary Forest ◽

Agroforestry Systems ◽

Management Systems ◽

Secondary Forests ◽

Managed Forests ◽

Tropical Rain Forests ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Human Needs ◽

Abundance And Diversity

Abstract. Ihsan M, Puspitarini RD, Afandhi A, Fernando I. 2021. Abundance and diversity of edaphic mites (Arachnida, Acari) under different forest management systems in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3685-3692. Edaphic mites play crucial roles in maintaining ecosystem services that are essential to human needs. However, the conversion of natural habitats followed by agricultural intensification may adversely affect edaphic mites. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different management systems on edaphic mite abundance, richness, and diversity in tropical rain forests in Indonesia. There were five forest management systems, which were as follows: secondary forest, production forest (pine monoculture), and three agroforestry systems (pine + coffee, mahogany + coffee, and mahogany + new cocoyam). We established a transect containing five research plots for each forest management system. Litter and soil from each plot were collected from December to March 2021. Temperature, relative humidity, and pH of litter and soil, as well as litter thickness, were measured. We found that edaphic mite abundance, richness, and diversity in the secondary forest were similar to managed forests. However, the aforementioned variables were significantly higher in “pine” systems than in “mahogany” systems. Our analysis evidenced positive correlations between litter thickness and edaphic mite abundance, richness, and diversity. Our findings may assist in selecting the appropriate forest management systems to rationalize the conversion of secondary forests to production forests and agroforestry.

Download Full-text

The impact of forest management on changes in composition of terricolous lichens in dry acidophilous Scots pine forests

The Lichenologist ◽

10.1017/s002428291300011x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 413-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Alica DINGOVÁ KOŠUTHOVÁ ◽

Ivana SVITKOVÁ ◽

Ivan PIŠÚT ◽

Dušan SENKO ◽

Milan VALACHOVIČ

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Pine Forests ◽

Forest Plantations ◽

Managed Forests ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Moss Species ◽

Management Actions ◽

Scots Pine Forests ◽

Terricolous Lichens ◽

The Impact

AbstractThis study focuses on dry acidophilous Scots pine forests, well known for their high biodiversity of cryptogams. We hypothesized that dense forests and heavy management were responsible for changes in species diversity, decreasing trends in lichen cover and increasing moss cover. This hypothesis was tested in three types of Scots pine forests maintained under three different management regimes: 1) managed forests (forest plantations regenerated by planting), 2) semi-natural forests (forest plantations regenerated naturally), both located in the Borská nížina lowland in SW Slovakia, and 3) natural forests (primordial vegetation without visible management actions from the associationCladonio-PinetumJuraszek 1928), located in the Bory Tucholskie National Park, NW Poland.We observed that the cover of the canopy tree layer had the most significant influence on the diversity of lichens. Managed forests are planted and maintained to achieve denser tree stocking, and although the environmental conditions created appear optimal for moss species, they are less suitable for terricolous lichens.

Download Full-text

Industrial Kiln Drying and its Effect on Microstructure, Impregnation and Properties of Scots Pine Timber Impregnated for Above Ground Use. Part 2. Effect of Drying on Microstructure and Some Mechanical Properties of Scots Pine Wood

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2002.067 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 434-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

N. Terziev ◽

G. Daniel

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Untreated Wood ◽

Polymer Complex ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Kiln Drying ◽

Bordered Pits ◽

Impact Bending ◽

The Impact

Summary Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) planks were dried in industrial progressive, conventional batch and high temperature kilns. The timber was further impregnated in an industrial autoclave with three preservatives used for above ground use. Samples dried by the three test methods and control samples were thereafter processed for scanning electron microscopy observations. Small clear specimens were sawn for determination of impact bending strength, modulus of elasticity and rupture (MOE and MOR) and hardness. The high temperature dried wood (at 115 °C) was characterised by partially damaged apertures in some bordered pits and nano- (10–20 nm) and micro checks (1–2 μm) in the warty and S3 layers of the cell walls. It is probable that certain modifications in the structure of the wood polymer complex also occurred due to hemicellulose thermal degradation. The above-mentioned structural changes facilitated the penetration of the preservative during impregnation and its evacuation during the final stage of vacuum. The industrial progressive and conventional batch kiln drying had no visible effect on the microstructure of Scots pine wood. There was no critical reduction of the impact bending strength, hardness and MOE of the dried untreated wood regardless of the drying method. MOR was significantly decreased after the conventional kiln drying, but not following high temperature drying. Impregnation with Tanalith E and conventional batch kiln drying aggravated the MOE and MOR of the high temperature dried wood, but both MOE and MOR did not differ significantly from those of progressive and conventional batch kiln dried samples.

Download Full-text

Tree-Related Microhabitats Follow Similar Patterns but are More Diverse in Primary Compared to Managed Temperate Mountain Forests

Ecosystems ◽

10.1007/s10021-021-00681-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Asbeck ◽

Daniel Kozák ◽

Andreea P. Spînu ◽

Martin Mikoláš ◽

Veronika Zemlerová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Abies Alba ◽

European Beech ◽

Minor Role ◽

Silver Fir ◽

Mountain Forests ◽

Managed Forests ◽

A Minor ◽

The Impact ◽

Primary Forests

AbstractThe impact of forest management on biodiversity is difficult to scrutinize along gradients of management. A step towards analyzing the impact of forest management on biodiversity is comparisons between managed and primary forests. The standardized typology of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is a multi-taxon indicator used to quantify forest biodiversity. We aim to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of groups of TreMs by comparing primary and managed forests. We collected data for the managed forests in the Black Forest (Germany) and for the primary forests in the Western (Slovakia) and Southern Carpathians (Romania). To model the richness and the different groups of TreMs per tree, we used generalized linear mixed models with diameter at breast height (DBH), altitude, slope and aspect as predictors for European beech (Fagus sylvatica (L.)), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.)) and silver fir (Abies alba (Mill.)) in primary and managed temperate mountain forests. We found congruent results for overall richness and the vast majority of TreM groups. Trees in primary forests hosted a greater richness of all and specific types of TreMs than individuals in managed forests. The main drivers of TreMs are DBH and altitude, while slope and aspect play a minor role. We recommend forest and nature conservation managers to focus: 1) on the conservation of remaining primary forests and 2) approaches of biodiversity-oriented forest management on the selection of high-quality habitat trees that already provide a high number of TreMs in managed forests based on the comparison with primary forests.

Download Full-text

Features of coarse woody debris volume formation in fresh sudibrova conditions in Zmiini islands tract of Kaniv Nature Reserve

Balanced nature using ◽

10.33730/2310-4678.1.2021.231886 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 102-112

Author(s):

O. Chornobrov

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Tree Species ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Woody Debris ◽

Wood Volume ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Norway Maple ◽

Standing Dead ◽

Common Oak

Dead wood (woody debris) is an important component of forest ecosystems. It performs a number of ecological and environmental functions. The article studies the peculiarities of the formation of coarse wood detritus volume and its qualitative structure in forests in the conditions of fresh sudibrova of the Zmiiini Islands tract of Kaniv Nature Reserve. The study of dead wood was carried out in 140-year-old pine-oak forests of natural origin on a permanent sample plot (0.24 ha) by identifying and measuring of standing and lying deadwood components. It was found that dead wood in the forest ecosystem was formed due to the dying of trees of five species: common oak (Quercus robur L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), and has a volume 56.3 m3·ha–1. Dead wood volume is dominated by standing dead trees — 82.1%, and the share of lying dead wood, respectively, is 17.9%. The main part of dead wood volume is formed by two tree species — common oak and Scots pine, the share of which together is 94.3%. Common oak and Scots pine is characterized by a predominance of standing dead wood, while for other tree species — lying dead wood. In general, dead wood is formed by detritus of I–IV classes of destruction, at the same time detritus of class II decomposition has a significant advantage (70.5%), recently dead wood has a much smaller share (I class, 24.8%), and other classes of destruction have insignificant shares, which together do not exceed 5.0%. No woody detritus of the last (V) class of destruction was detected. Volume of standing dead wood is 46.2 m3·ha–1, and is formed by whole and broken dead trees. In terms of species composition, common oak has a significant advantage (74.5%), Scots pine has a much smaller share (25.1%), and the share of Norway maple is insignificant (0.4%). The total standing dead wood volume is dominated by wood of class II destruction (33.0 m3·ha–1, 71.4%) compared with class I (13.2 m3·ha–1, 28.6%). Lying dead wood is represented by four classes of destruction (I–IV), however, no woody debris was found at the late (last) stage of decomposition (class V). In terms of volume, the second class of destruction has an absolute advantage (6.7 m3·ha–1, 66.3%), much less class III detritus (2.3 m3·ha–1, 22.8%). Lying dead wood of common oak is represented by all four classes of destruction, among which III (40.5%) and I (33.3%) classes predominate. Lying dead wood of other tree species is characterized by the predominance of II or III classes of destruction. The main factors in the formation of woody detritus in the pine-oak forest in the Zmiiini Islands tract could be the impact of adverse climatic conditions (long periods without precipitation in summer), which led to the weakening of individual trees and their death, gusts of wind that broke individual tree trunks, low-intensity snow breaks, and the influence of biotic factors (insects, pathogens).

Download Full-text

Shrinkage of Scots pine wood as an effect of different tree growth rates, a comparison of regeneration methods

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/23/2018-jfs ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 271-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Schönfelder Ondřej ◽

Zeidler Aleš ◽

Borůvka Vlastimil ◽

Bílek Lukáš ◽

Lexa Martin

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Tree Growth ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Clear Cutting ◽

Regeneration Period ◽

Site Characteristics ◽

The Impact

The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus) is one of the most important commercial tree species in Central Europe, yet we know very little about the variability of its wood properties. The aim of this study is to primarily analyse the impact of different tree growth rates and site characteristics on the shrinkage of Scots pine wood. The investigated forest stands are located at two sites of the Czech Republic that are characteristic for Scots pine silviculture. At each site, sample trees were selected from two stands representing two variants of the silvicultural treatment, i.e. a clear-cutting and shelterwood system with long regeneration period. Wood shrinkage in radial and tangential directions and volumetric shrinkage were determined in accordance with Czech standards. Lower values of shrinkage were found out in forest stands regenerated by the shelterwood method. The wood in the central part of the trunk shows lower shrinkage values than in the basal part in both stands. The unambiguous effect of the horizontal position in the trunk stem was demonstrated in forest stands regenerated by the clear-cutting method, whilst stands regenerated by the shelterwood method showed a more even distribution of shrinkage along the trunk width. Furthermore, it was found that the shrinkage of the Scots pine has a medium dependence on wood density.

Download Full-text