Enantiomer Excess/Enantiomeric Excess

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Enantiomer Excess

Room Temperature Flow Electrochemistry as a Means of Retaining the “Memory of Chirality” via Hofer Moest Type Reaction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Hardwick ◽  
Rossana Cicala ◽  
Nisar Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Flow Chemistry ◽  
Batch Processes ◽  
Enabling Technology ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Memory Of Chirality

<p>Many chiral compounds have become of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry as they possess various biological activities. Concurrently, the concept of “memory of chirality” has been proven as a powerful tool in asymmetric synthesis, while flow chemistry has begun its rise as a new enabling technology to add to the ever increasing arsenal of techniques available to the modern day chemist. Here, we have employed a new simple electrochemical microreactor design to oxidise an L-proline derivative at room temperature in continuous flow. Flow performed in microreactors offers up a number of benefits allowing reactions to be performed in a more convenient and safer manner, and even allow electrochemical reactions to take place without a supporting electrolyte due to a very short interelectrode distance. By the comparison of electrochemical oxidations in batch and flow we have found that continuous flow is able to outperform its batch counterpart, producing a good yield (71%) and a better enantiomeric excess (64%) than batch with a 98% conversion. We have, therefore, provided evidence that continuous flow chemistry has the potential to act as a new enabling technology to replace some aspects of conventional batch processes. </p>

Enantioselective alpha-Arylation of Benzamides via Synergistic Nickel and Metallaphotoredox Catalysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Montgomery ◽  
Alexander W. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic System ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
New Method ◽  
Aryl Bromides

A new method to access alpha-arylated benzamides has been enabled by metallaphotoredox catalysis. This system allows for non-directed C–H functionalization of N-alkyl benzamides using a dual nickel/iridium catalytic system to form tertiary stereocenters in good enantiomeric excess and moderate yields. This reaction shows excellent functional group compatibility and can be performed using a number of sterically and electronically different aryl bromides and secondary benzamides.

Enantioselective alpha-Arylation of Benzamides via Synergistic Nickel and Metallaphotoredox Catalysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Montgomery ◽  
Alexander W. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic System ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
New Method ◽  
Aryl Bromides

A new method to access alpha-arylated benzamides has been enabled by metallaphotoredox catalysis. This system allows for non-directed C–H functionalization of N-alkyl benzamides using a dual nickel/iridium catalytic system to form tertiary stereocenters in good enantiomeric excess and moderate yields. This reaction shows excellent functional group compatibility and can be performed using a number of sterically and electronically different aryl bromides and secondary benzamides.

scholarly journals New Bifunctional Bis(azairidacycle) with Axial Chirality via Double Cyclometalation of 2,2′-Bis(aminomethyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Sato ◽  
Yuichi Kawata ◽  
Shungo Yasui ◽  
Yoshihito Kayaki ◽  
Takao Ikariya
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Transfer ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Transfer Hydrogenation ◽  
Catalyst Precursor ◽  
Asymmetric Catalysts ◽  
Axially Chiral ◽  
Diastereomeric Mixture ◽  
Raney Ni ◽  
Half Sandwich

As a candidate for bifunctional asymmetric catalysts containing a half-sandwich C–N chelating Ir(III) framework (azairidacycle), a dinuclear Ir complex with an axially chiral linkage is newly designed. An expedient synthesis of chiral 2,2′-bis(aminomethyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl (1) from 1,1-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) was accomplished by a three-step process involving nickel-catalyzed cyanation and subsequent reduction with Raney-Ni and KBH4. The reaction of (S)-1 with an equimolar amount of [IrCl2Cp*]2 (Cp* = η5–C5(CH3)5) in the presence of sodium acetate in acetonitrile at 80 °C gave a diastereomeric mixture of new dinuclear dichloridodiiridium complexes (5) through the double C–H bond cleavage, as confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A loss of the central chirality on the Ir centers of 5 was demonstrated by treatment with KOC(CH3)3 to generate the corresponding 16e amidoiridium complex 6. The following hydrogen transfer from 2-propanol to 6 provided diastereomers of hydrido(amine)iridium retaining the bis(azairidacycle) architecture. The dinuclear chlorido(amine)iridium 5 can serve as a catalyst precursor for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone with a substrate to a catalyst ratio of 200 in the presence of KOC(CH3)3 in 2-propanol, leading to (S)-1-phenylethanol with up to an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 67%.

scholarly journals Design of Iridium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Amino Acid Catalysts for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Chad M. Bernier ◽  
Joseph S. Merola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Transfer Hydrogenation ◽  
Acid Catalysts ◽  
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Chiral Complexes ◽  
Acetophenone Derivatives ◽  
Aryl Ketones

A series of chiral complexes of the form Ir(NHC)2(aa)(H)(X) (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene, aa = chelated amino acid, X = halide) was synthesized by oxidative addition of -amino acids to iridium(I) bis-NHC compounds and screened for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones. Following optimization of the reaction conditions, NHC, and amino acid ligands, high enantioselectivity was achieved when employing the Ir(IMe)2(l-Pro)(H)(I) catalyst (IMe = 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene), which asymmetrically reduces a range of acetophenone derivatives in up to 95% enantiomeric excess.

scholarly journals A Novel and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Methyl (R)-10-Hydroxystearate and FAMEs from Sewage Scum

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
Luigi di Bitonto ◽  
Valeria D’Ambrosio ◽  
Carlo Pastore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Acid Catalysts ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Catalyst Temperature ◽  
Homogeneous Acid ◽  
Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate

In this work, the transesterification of methyl estolides (ME) extracted from the lipid component present in the sewage scum was investigated. Methyl 10-(R)-hydroxystearate (Me-10-HSA) and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) were obtained in a single step. A three-level and four factorial Box–Behnken experimental design were used to study the effects of methanol amounts, catalyst, temperature, and reaction time on the transesterification reaction using aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) as catalysts. AlCl3·6H2O was found quite active as well as conventional homogeneous acid catalysts as HCl. In both cases, a complete conversion of ME into Me-10-HSA and FAMEs was observed. The products were isolated, quantified, and fully characterized. At the end of the process, Me-10-HSA (32.3%wt) was purified through a chromatographic separation and analyzed by NMR. The high enantiomeric excess (ee > 92%) of the R-enantiomer isomer opens a new scenario for the valorization of sewage scum.

scholarly journals Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Enantiopure Precursors and Derivatives for β-Blockers Practolol, Pindolol and Carteolol

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Morten Gundersen ◽  
Guro Austli ◽  
Sigrid Løvland ◽  
Mari Hansen ◽  
Mari Rødseth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Kinetic Resolution ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Catalytic Amount ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Β Blocker ◽  
Β Blockers ◽  
Optical Rotations ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
By Products

Sustainable methods for producing enantiopure drugs have been developed. Chlorohydrins as building blocks for several β-blockers have been synthesized in high enantiomeric purity by chemo-enzymatic methods. The yield of the chlorohydrins increased by the use of catalytic amount of base. The reason for this was found to be the reduced formation of the dimeric by-products compared to the use of higher concentration of the base. An overall reduction of reagents and reaction time was also obtained compared to our previously reported data of similar compounds. The enantiomers of the chlorohydrin building blocks were obtained by kinetic resolution of the racemate in transesterification reactions catalyzed by Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB). Optical rotations confirmed the absolute configuration of the enantiopure drugs. The β-blocker (S)-practolol ((S)-N-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)phenyl)acetamide) was synthesized with 96% enantiomeric excess (ee) from the chlorohydrin (R)-N-(4-(3-chloro-2 hydroxypropoxy)phenyl)acetamide, which was produced in 97% ee and with 27% yield. Racemic building block 1-((1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)-3-chloropropan-2-ol for the β-blocker pindolol was produced in 53% yield and (R)-1-((1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)-3-chloropropan-2-ol was produced in 92% ee. The chlorohydrin 7-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, a building block for a derivative of carteolol was produced in 77% yield. (R)-7-(3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one was obtained in 96% ee. The S-enantiomer of this carteolol derivative was produced in 97% ee in 87% yield. Racemic building block 5-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, building block for the drug carteolol, was also produced in 53% yield, with 96% ee of the R-chlorohydrin (R)-5-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one. (S)-Carteolol was produced in 96% ee with low yield, which easily can be improved.

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