Optimal Control for Cleaner Hybrid Vehicles: A Backward Approach

This work presents an application of the optimal control theory to find trade offs between fuel consumption and pollutant emissions (CO, HC, NOx) of sustaining hybrid vehicles. Both cold start and normal operations are considered. The problem formulation includes two state variables: battery state of energy and catalyst temperature; and three control variables: torque repartition between engine and motor, spark advance, and equivalence ratio. Optimal results were obtained by delaying the first engine crank after the urban part of the mission. The results show that a quick catalyst light off is performed. Once the catalyst is primed, special control parameters values are adopted to operate the engine.

Zeolite-X Encapsulated Ni(II) and Co(II) Complexes with 2,6-Pyridine Dicarboxylic Acid as Catalysts for Oxidative Degradation of Atenolol in an Aqueous Solution

Complexes of Co (II) and Ni (II) with dipicolinic acid, 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PydcH2) have been synthesized in the NaX (zeolite-X) nanopores. The formation of zeolite X encapsulated Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes ([M(pydcH)2]-NaX, where M = Co(II) and Ni(II]) were confirmed using spectroscopic methods of FT-IR, elemental analysis, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. It was affirmed that the encapsulation of complexes in NaX pores was performed without changes in the structure and shape of the zeolite. The oxidative degradation reaction of atenolol with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant was performed in the presence of synthesized [M(pydcH)2]-NaX nanocomposites to study their catalytic activity. Therefore, oxidation of atenolol was performed under different conditions of catalyst, temperature, and time. Under optimal conditions, catalysts [Co(pydcH)2]-NaX and [Ni(pydcH)2]-NaX showed 82.3% and 71.1% activity of atenolol oxidation, respectively. These catalysts were stable after recovery and were used three more times. The results showed that these catalysts were reusable and had a reduction in the catalytic activity of less than ten percent.

The Studies on α-Pinene Oxidation over the TS-1. The Influence of the Temperature, Reaction Time, Titanium and Catalyst Content

The work presents the results of studies on α-pinene oxidation over the TS-1 catalysts with different Ti content (in wt%): TS-1_1 (9.92), TS-1_2 (5.42), TS-1_3 (3.39) and TS-1_4 (3.08). No solvent was used in the oxidation studies, and molecular oxygen was used as the oxidizing agent. The effect of titanium content in the TS-1 catalyst, temperature, reaction time and amount of the catalyst in the reaction mixture on the conversion of α-pinene and the selectivities of appropriate products was investigated. It was found that it is most advantageous to carry out the process of α-pinene oxidation in the presence of the TS-1 catalyst with the titanium content of 5.42 wt% (TS-1_2), at the temperature of 85 °C, for 6 h and with the catalyst TS-1 content in the reaction mixture of 1 wt%. Under these conditions the conversion of α-pinene amounted to 34 mol%, and the selectivities of main products of α-pinene oxidation process were: α-pinene oxide (29 mol%), verbenol (15 mol%) and verbenone (12 mol%). In smaller quantities also campholenic aldehyde, trans-pinocarveol, myrtenal, myrtenol, L-carveol, carvone and 1,2-pinanediol were also formed. These products are of great practical importance in food, cosmetics, perfumery and medicine industries. Kinetic studies were also performed for the studied process.

Tetraalkyl Hydroxymethylene-bisphosphonate and Dialkyl 1-Diphenylphosphinoyl-1-hydroxy-ethylphosphonate Derivatives by the Pudovik Reaction and Their Rearranged Products

The reaction of diethyl α-oxoethylphosphonate and diethyl oxobenzylphosphonate with diethyl phosphite, dimethyl phosphite, and diphenylphosphine oxide affords, depending on the substrates and conditions (nature and quantity of the amine catalyst, temperature, and solvent), the Pudovik adduct and/or the corresponding >P(O)–CH–O–P(O)< product formed by rearrangement. The nature of the substituent on the central carbon atom (a methyl or phenyl group) influences the inclination for the rearrangement. The asymmetric products (either adducts or rearranged species) with different P(O)Y functions (Y = RO or Ph) exhibit interesting NMR features.

POLYMERIZATION OF 8-ACETOXYTETRACYCLO[4.4.12,5.17,10.01,6]DODEC-3-ENE AND ITS COPOLYMERIZATION WITH ACRYLIC ACIDS

The reaction of radical polymerization of 8-acetoxytetracyclo[4.4.12,5.17,10.01,6]dodec-3-ene as well as its copolymerization with methacrylic acids in the presence of BF3·OEt2 in bulk and in the medium of organic solvent, particularly in benzene was investigated. The influence of various factors: the amount of catalyst, temperature and reaction time on the process of polymerization, as well as the influence of the monomer ratio on the copolymerization process was studied. The structure of the obtained homo- and copolymers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and the thermal stability of the obtained polymers and their cured products was studied

An adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy considering catalyst temperature for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

In the process of sufficiently considering fuel economy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), the working time of engine will be reduced accordingly. The increased frequency that the three-way catalytic converter (TWCC) works in abnormal operating temperature will lead to the increasing of emissions. This paper proposes the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) to ensure the catalyst temperature of PHEV can work in highly efficient areas, and the influence of catalyst temperature on fuel economy and emissions is considered. The simulation results show that the fixed equivalent factor of ECMS has great limitations for the underutilized battery power and the poor fuel economy. In order to further reduce fuel consumption and keep the emission unchanged, an equivalent factor map based on initial state of charge (SOC) and vehicle mileage is established by the genetic algorithm. Furthermore, an Adaptive changing equivalent factor is achieved by using the following strategy of SOC trajectory. Ultimately, adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) considering catalyst temperature is proposed. The simulation results show that compared with ordinary ECMS, HC, CO, and NOX are reduced by 14.6%, 20.3%, and 25.8%, respectively, which effectively reduces emissions. But the fuel consumption is increased by only 2.3%. To show that the proposed method can be used in actual driving conditions, it is tested on the World Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTC).

Experimental demonstration of NO reduction and ammonia slip for diesel engine SCR system

This paper aims to investigate the characteristics of selective catalytic reduction(SCR) in a V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst by studying the key parameter, and obtain the control method of NH3 injection under sample test bench. Four parameters are defined and adopted to represent the NO-NH3 reaction characteristics. The effect of NH3/NO ratio(NSR), catalyst temperature and NH3 injection period on NO conversion efficiency and NH3 slip was investigated. The correlation between NH3 slip and ammonia saturation storage level was studied. The experimental results show that the ammonia saturation storage level has great effects on NO reduction and NH3 slip. The NO conversion efficiency and NH3 slip strongly depends on the ammonia saturation storage level. Under such condition, the NO conversion efficiency is best when the ammonia saturation storage level is 68.2%~73%, until the value reach to 75% before the NH3 slip. Pulse injection can improve the NO conversion efficiency and NH3 slip. The period of pulse injection has few influence on the mean value of NO at the outlet, however, it affects the peak value of NO and NH3 slip. Using varied period pulse injection can further improve NO conversion efficiency and restrain NH3 slip. The outlet NO is able to be reduced by adopting suitable NH3 pulse injection interval.