Equivalence Scales Based on Revealed Preference Consumption Expenditures. The Case of Germany / Äquivalenzskalen auf der Basis von Konsumausgaben offenbarter Präferenzen. Ergebnisse für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland

1995 ◽  
Vol 214 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Merz ◽  
Jürgen Faik
Keyword(s):  
Revealed Preference ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Market Basket ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Composition Effects ◽  
Expenditure System ◽  
Economic Well Being

SummaryEquivalence scales are a prerequisite for any economic well-being comparison with measures on income distribution, inequality and poverty. This paper provides new equivalence scales based on revealed preference consumption microdata. We concentrate on single expenditure Engel equations and on a complete demand system, the extended linear expenditure system (ELES), with all interdependencies of a full market basket.Microdata base is the newest availabe West German Income and Consumption Sample of 1983 with more than 42,000 households. Our results with differences regarding the goods' basket and household composition effects are compared to other discussed consumption, expert, and subjective based equivalence scales.

Household Change and Racial Inequality in Economic Well-Being, 1960 to 1980

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Wojtkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Household Headship ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Economic Well Being

The 1960s and 1970s in the United States were marked by major demographic changes. Marriage was delayed, divorce increased, fertility decreased, and there was a relative increase in nonmarital fertility. These changes led to an increase in female household headship which acted to decrease economic well-being in the population. The changes also led to a decrease in the number of children in households which acted to increase economic well-being. These two household composition changes varied by race. As a result, increased female headship and decreased number of children affected more than levels of economic well-being, the changes affected racial inequality in economic well-being as well.

scholarly journals Equivalence Scale in Terms of Polish Households' Source of Income

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Ulman
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Function Estimation ◽  
Demand Equation ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Linear Expenditure System ◽  
Equivalence Scale ◽  
Expenditure System

Equivalence Scale in Terms of Polish Households' Source of Income The paper presents a comparison of the costs of Polish households by their main source of income. In order to compare these costs the author estimated three kinds of equivalence scales using the Engel method, ELES (Extended Linear Expenditure System), the demand equation and the Bernoulli well-being function. Estimation for household groups determined on account of the main source of income produced by the scales confirmed differences in households' maintenance costs compared to the costs of the reference household. A comparison of the values of equivalence scales revealed a similarity of the results produced by the ELES and the Bernoulli methods which differed from the results obtained by means of the Engel method.

Declining Equivalence Scales and Cost of Children: Evidence and Implications for Inequality Measurement

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 761-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Balli ◽  
Silvia Tiezzi
Keyword(s):  
Scale Economies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Inequality Measurement ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Cost Of Children ◽  
The North ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Expenditure Pattern

Abstract This article estimates expenditure-dependent equivalence scales for Italian couples with and without children. Following Donaldson and Pendakur (2006), the generalised absolute equivalence-scale exactness (GAESE) restrictions are incorporated into a translated quadratic almost ideal demand system. We obtain declining-with-expenditure equivalence scales, a pattern that tends to strengthen when the number of children increases. Thus, scale economies in current consumption are lower for families with poor expenditure capacities. We also show that families living in the South bear a substantial additional cost to achieve the same well-being of those living in the North. Finally, we find that ignoring the declining with expenditure pattern may involve a relevant understatement of measured inequality.

Through the prism of Spain. Socio-economic causes of different outcomes of Russian and Spanish civil wars

2017 ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
I. Rozinskiy ◽  
N. Rozinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Economic Well Being

The article examines the socio-economic causes of the outcome of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1936), which, as opposed to the Russian Civil War, resulted in the victory of the “Whites”. Choice of Spain as the object of comparison with Russia is justified not only by similarity of civil wars occurred in the two countries in the XX century, but also by a large number of common features in their history. Based on statistical data on the changes in economic well-being of different strata of Spanish population during several decades before the civil war, the authors formulate the hypothesis according to which the increase of real incomes of Spaniards engaged in agriculture is “responsible” for their conservative political sympathies. As a result, contrary to the situation in Russia, where the peasantry did not support the Whites, in Spain the peasants’ position predetermined the outcome of the confrontation resulting in the victory of the Spanish analogue of the Whites. According to the authors, the possibility of stable increase of Spanish peasants’ incomes was caused by the nation’s non-involvement in World War I and also by more limited, compared to Russia and some other countries, spending on creation of heavy (primarily military-related) industry in Spain.

Strategic threats to energy security as risks of quality of people's life

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-744
Author(s):  
V.I. Loktionov
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Economic Well Being ◽  
The Way

Subject. The article reviews the way strategic threats to energy security influence the quality of people's life. Objectives. The study unfolds the theory of analyzing strategic threats to energy security by covering the matter of quality of people's life. Methods. To analyze the way strategic threats to energy security spread across cross-sectoral commodity and production chains and influences quality of people's living, I applied the factor analysis and general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. I suggest interpreting strategic threats to energy security as risks of people's quality of life due to a reduction in the volume of energy supply. I identified mechanisms reflecting how the fuel and energy complex and its development influence the quality of people's life. The article sets out the method to assess such quality-of-life risks arising from strategic threats to energy security. Conclusions and Relevance. In the current geopolitical situation, strategic threats to energy security cause long-standing adverse consequences for the quality of people's life. If strategic threats to energy security are further construed as risk of quality of people's life, this will facilitate the preparation and performance of a more effective governmental policy on energy, which will subsequently raise the economic well-being of people.

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