Erwartete externe Effekte und Wahlverhalten: Das Beispiel der Münchner Allianz-Arena / Expected External Effects and Voting: The Case of the Munich Allianz-Arena

SummaryWe investigate at the precinct-level the 2001 stadium referendum for the Allianz-Arena in Munich, where voters had to decide upon a projected site as well as on public subsidies for provision of transport infrastructure. This is the first analysis of a stadium referendum with respect to the spatial dimension outside the U.S. The new arena, which is the home venue of the professional soccer clubs FC Bayern München and TSV 1860 München and also was a major venue during the FIFA World Cup 2006 clearly won the approval of a majority of voters in one of the referendums with the largest participation in the history of Munich. However, in proximity of the projected site, residents strongly opposed the project, which reflects in significantly reduced shares of yes-votes. Assuming rationality, we conclude that at city level residents expected an increase in utility from the new arena that justified public expenses. However, our results also point to considerable proximity cost, probably related to the presence of fan crowds and congestion. This finding contradicts the existing evidence on stadium impact from the U.S. There are also major differences in the socio-economic determinants of voting behavior, indicating that the expected net-benefit of proximity to professional sports facilities may vary across sports and countries.

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Exploring Factors That Lead to People Watching Professional Soccer on Television

Sports Media, Marketing, and Management ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5475-2.ch023 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 436-469

Author(s):

Alan D. Smith ◽

Steve R. Clinton

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Conceptual Model ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Bottom Line ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

History Of ◽

Media Interaction ◽

The U.S ◽

Television Ratings

The purpose of this study is to examine and determine factors that lead to increased television ratings for soccer in the U.S. The study primarily focuses on fantasy soccer participation, involvement in soccer, presence of a local professional team, and social media interaction. After providing a brief history of soccer television ratings in the U.S., a conceptual model based on these factors is developed and explained. The factors of this conceptual model are tested through statistical analysis. Based on these results, the model provides recommendations and conclusions for soccer decision makers to increase television ratings in the future, which ultimately will drive and increase the bottom line of all parties involved.

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Exploring Factors that Lead to People Watching Professional Soccer on Television

Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations ◽

10.4018/jeco.2016100105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 66-95

Author(s):

Alan D. Smith ◽

Steve R. Clinton

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Conceptual Model ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Bottom Line ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

History Of ◽

Media Interaction ◽

The U.S ◽

Television Ratings

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Social Media and Motivational Complexities Associated in Promoting Professional Soccer Engagement

Advances in IT Standards and Standardization Research - Handbook of Research on the Evolution of IT and the Rise of E-Society ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7214-5.ch014 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 301-336

Author(s):

Alan D. Smith ◽

Amber A. Ditizio ◽

Steven R. Clinton

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Conceptual Model ◽

Fantasy Sports ◽

Model Based ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

History Of ◽

Media Interaction ◽

The U.S ◽

Television Ratings

The purpose of this chapter is to examine and determine factors that lead to increased television ratings for soccer in the U.S. Undoubtedly, the topic of fantasy sports and the various roles it plays with types of fan involvement and their need for enhanced engagement with a complex social media landscape has intrigued scholars from a number of disciplines. How the various motivational factors, both intrinsically and extrinsically, impact the degree of fan involvement and loyalty have been investigated several times. The overall results have been mixed to say the least. The current chapter primarily focuses on fantasy soccer participation, involvement in soccer, presence of a local professional team, and social media interaction. After providing a brief history of soccer television ratings in the U.S., a conceptual model based on these factors is developed and explained. The factors of this conceptual model are tested through statistical analysis.

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An American Language

10.1525/california/9780520297067.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rosina Lozano

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

National Policy ◽

The United States ◽

Spanish Language ◽

Spanish Speakers ◽

Language Recognition ◽

Political Language ◽

Political Issue ◽

History Of ◽

The U.S

An American Language is a political history of the Spanish language in the United States. The nation has always been multilingual and the Spanish language in particular has remained as an important political issue into the present. After the U.S.-Mexican War, the Spanish language became a language of politics as Spanish speakers in the U.S. Southwest used it to build territorial and state governments. In the twentieth century, Spanish became a political language where speakers and those opposed to its use clashed over what Spanish's presence in the United States meant. This book recovers this story by using evidence that includes Spanish language newspapers, letters, state and territorial session laws, and federal archives to profile the struggle and resilience of Spanish speakers who advocated for their language rights as U.S. citizens. Comparing Spanish as a language of politics and as a political language across the Southwest and noncontiguous territories provides an opportunity to measure shifts in allegiance to the nation and exposes differing forms of nationalism. Language concessions and continued use of Spanish is a measure of power. Official language recognition by federal or state officials validates Spanish speakers' claims to US citizenship. The long history of policies relating to language in the United States provides a way to measure how U.S. visions of itself have shifted due to continuous migration from Latin America. Spanish-speaking U.S. citizens are crucial arbiters of Spanish language politics and their successes have broader implications on national policy and our understanding of Americans.

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The War of Legs

Transfers ◽

10.3167/trans.2015.050207 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 102-120

Author(s):

Michael Pesek

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Medical Care ◽

East Africa ◽

Transport Infrastructure ◽

World War ◽

East African ◽

Colonial State ◽

History Of ◽

Main Factors ◽

Belgian Congo

This article describes the little-known history of military labor and transport during the East African campaign of World War I. Based on sources from German, Belgian, and British archives and publications, it considers the issue of military transport and supply in the thick of war. Traditional histories of World War I tend to be those of battles, but what follows is a history of roads and footpaths. More than a million Africans served as porters for the troops. Many paid with their lives. The organization of military labor was a huge task for the colonial and military bureaucracies for which they were hardly prepared. However, the need to organize military transport eventually initiated a process of modernization of the colonial state in the Belgian Congo and British East Africa. This process was not without backlash or failure. The Germans lost their well-developed military transport infrastructure during the Allied offensive of 1916. The British and Belgians went to war with the question of transport unresolved. They were unable to recruit enough Africans for military labor, a situation made worse by failures in the supplies by porters of food and medical care. One of the main factors that contributed to the success of German forces was the Allies' failure in the “war of legs.”

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Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Excel in Business but Not without Risks

10.36650/nexus14.2_77-90_imada ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 77-90

Author(s):

Bill Imada

Keyword(s):

Asian Americans ◽

Asian American ◽

Immigration Policy ◽

Pacific Islanders ◽

Significant Growth ◽

Current Trends ◽

History Of ◽

Mainstream Society ◽

American Society ◽

The U.S

In recent years, data has shown that there has been significant growth in Asian American Pacific Islander-owned (AAPI) enterprises. Driven by demographic changes, related in large part to the history of immigration policy, the AAPI population has been growing, and this has been accompanied by AAPI innovators and entrepreneurs leaving greater marks on American society and the U.S. economy. This growth, however, is not without risks and threats. The legacy of being “othered” by mainstream society means that AAPI success in business and in the corporate landscape can be met with resentment and criticism. This article explores the history of AAPI entrepreneurship and current trends. It also examines the challenges that the community may continue to face and offers recommendations on how to ensure continued growth and expanded opportunities for AAPIs in business.

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