The assessment of labor: a brief history

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne R. Cohen ◽  
Emanuel A. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Uterine Contractility ◽  
The Us ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Labor Patterns ◽  
Considerable Detail ◽  
Dysfunctional Labor

AbstractIn the 1930s, investigators in the US, Germany and Switzerland made the first attempts to quantify the course of labor in a clinically meaningful way. They emphasized the rupture of membranes as a pivotal event governing labor progress. Attention was also placed on the total number of contractions as a guide to normality. Beginning in the 1950s, Friedman determined that changes in cervical dilatation and fetal station over time were the most useful parameters for the assessment of labor progress. He showed all normal labors had similar patterns of dilatation and descent, differing only in the durations and slopes of their component parts. These observations led to the formulation of criteria that elevated the assessment of labor from a rather arbitrary exercise to one guided by scientific objectivity. Researchers worldwide confirmed the basic nature of labor curves and validated their functionality. This system allows us to quantify the effects of parity, analgesia, maternal obesity, prior cesarean, maternal age, and fetal presentation and position on labor. It permits analysis of outcomes associated with labor aberrations, quantifies the effectiveness of treatments and assesses the need for cesarean delivery. Also, dysfunctional labor patterns serve as indicators of short- and long-term risks to offspring. We still lack the necessary translational research to link the physiologic manifestations of uterine contractility with changes in dilatation and descent. Recent efforts to interpret electrohysterographic patterns hold promise in this regard, as does preliminary exploration into the molecular basis of dysfunctional labor. For now, the clinician is best served by a system of labor assessment proposed more than 60 years ago and embellished upon in considerable detail since.

scholarly journals International portfolio diversification: United States and south Asian equity markets

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizwan Mushtaq ◽  
Zulfiqar Shah
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
Equity Market ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Market Index ◽  
International Portfolio Diversification ◽  
The Us ◽  
Short And Long Term

This paper explores the dynamic liaison between US and three developing South Asian equity markets in short and long term. To gauge the long-term relationship, we applied Johansen co-integration procedure as all the representative indices are found to be non-stationary at level. The findings illustrate that the US equity market index exhibits a reasonably different movement over time in contrast to the three developing equity markets under consideration. However, the Granger-causality test divulge that the direction of causality scamper from US equity market to the three South Asian markets. It further indicates that within the three developing equity markets the direction of causality emanates from Bombay stock market to Karachi and Colombo. Overall, the results of the study suggest that the American investors can get higher returns through international diversification into developing equity markets, while the US stock market would also be a gainful upshot for South Asian investors.

scholarly journals Using Common Features to Investigate Common Growth Cycles for BRICS Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-615
Author(s):  
Bruno Ricardo Delalibera ◽  
João Victor Issler ◽  
Roberto Castello Branco
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Market ◽  
Emerging Market Economies ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The Us ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Common

This paper examines the short and long-term co-movement of large  emerging market economies -- the BRICS countries -- by applying the  econometric techniques and the tests proposed in the common-feature literature. Despite their dissimilarities, given the rising trade linkages among the BRICS over the last 20 years one should expect their cycles to be  synchronized. Our empirical findings fully support this hypothesis. The evidence holds also for the co-movement between the BRICS and developed  economies, the US and the Eurozone, which may reflect the effects of  globalization.

scholarly journals Do foreign-educated nurses displace native-educated nurses?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeran Chung ◽  
Mary Arends-Kuenning
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workforce ◽  
The Us ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractWe examine whether there is any movement in the employment of native-educated nurses due to the influx of foreign-educated nurses. To avoid conflating the short- and long-term reactions to the entry of newly arrived foreign-educated nurses, we implement a multiple instrumentation procedure. We find that there is no significant effect of foreign-educated nurses on the employment of native nurses in both the short- and the long-runs. Our results suggest that relying on foreign-educated nurses to fill gaps in the US healthcare workforce does not harm the employment of native nurses.

scholarly journals The impact of gestational diabetes and maternal obesity on the mother and her offspring

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

Thein uteromaternal metabolic environment is important relative to both short and long term development of the offspring. Although poor fetal growth remains a significant factor relative to long-term outcome, fetal overgrowth is assuming greater importance because of the increase in obesity in the world’s populations. Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes are the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy related to fetal overgrowth and more specifically adiposity.Women with gestational diabetes have increased insulin resistance and inadequate insulin response compared with weight-matched controls. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of maternal hypertensive disease (preeclampsia) as well as cesarean delivery. At birth the neonate has increased adiposity and is at risk for birth injury. Multiple studies have reported that children of women with gestational diabetes have a greater prevalence childhood obesity and glucose intolerance; even at glucose concentrations less than currently used to define gestational diabetes, compared with normoglycemic women.Obese women also have increased insulin resistance, insulin response and inflammatory cytokines compared with average weight women both before and during pregnancy. They too are at increased risk for the metabolic syndrome-like disorders during pregnancy that is hypertension, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance and coagulation disorders. Analogous to women with gestational diabetes, neonates of obese women are heavier at delivery because of increased fat and not lean body mass. Similarly, these children have an increased risk of childhood adiposity and metabolic dysregulation. Hence, the preconceptional and perinatal period offers a unique opportunity to modify both short and long term risks for both the woman and her offspring.

scholarly journals Explaining the Short- and Long-Term IPO Anomalies in the US by R&D

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 550-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Re-Jin Guo ◽  
Baruch Lev ◽  
Charles Shi
Keyword(s):  
The Us ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals Adipose tissue function in healthy pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara Trivett ◽  
Zoe J. Lees ◽  
Dilys J. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disorder of pregnancy with short- and long-term consequences for mother and baby. Pre-eclampsia is of major concern to obstetricians due to its sudden onset and increased morbidity and mortality for mother and baby. The incidence of these conditions continues to increase due to widespread maternal obesity. Maternal obesity is a risk factor for GDM and pre-eclampsia, yet our understanding of the role of adipose tissue and adipocyte biology in their aetiology is very limited. In this article, available data on adipose tissue and adipocyte function in healthy and obese pregnancy and how these are altered in GDM and pre-eclampsia are reviewed. Using our understanding of adipose tissue and adipocyte biology in non-pregnant populations, a role for underlying adipocyte dysfunction in the pathological pathways of these conditions is discussed.

How to improve health literacy to reduce short- and long-term consequences of maternal obesity?

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (17) ◽  
pp. 2935-2942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Arabin ◽  
Nina Timmesfeld ◽  
Kathrin Noever ◽  
Susann Behnam ◽  
Christin Ellermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Improve Health
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