scholarly journals Evaluation of synthetic rainfall application with respect to the flow volume at upstream Brantas watershed, East Java Province of Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Lily Montarcih Limantara ◽  
Donny Harisuseno ◽  
Rana Karinta Hapsari
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Double Ratio ◽  
Flow Discharge ◽  
Technological Study ◽  
Discharge Method

Abstract Indonesian Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) of Synthetic Rainfall has modified climate by generating synthetic rainfall from 9th May until 4th June 2013. This unit has cooperated with the Department of Technological Study and Application (BPPT) of Indonesia and Perum Jasa Tirta I and TNI AU Lanud Abdulrachman Saleh. This study intended to increase reservoirs water level in upstream Brantas watershed, one of them is Sutami reservoir. Successive grade evaluation of synthetic rainfall used the method of Double Ratio and Flow Discharge. The target area is upstream Brantas watershed that is represented by 12 rainfall stations and the control area is in the distance of ±30 km from the boundary of upstream Brantas watershed and is represented by 5 rainfall stations. Results show rainfall increasing by 152.05% according to the Double Ratio method and the increase of flow discharge from Sutami reservoir by 74.19% according to the Flow Discharge method.

Dual-Polarization Radar Data Analysis of the Impact of Ground-Based Glaciogenic Seeding on Winter Orographic Clouds. Part I: Mostly Stratiform Clouds

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1944-1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Jing ◽  
Bart Geerts ◽  
Katja Friedrich ◽  
Binod Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Radar Data ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Dual Polarization ◽  
Stratiform Clouds ◽  
Orographic Clouds ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Glaciogenic Seeding ◽  
Differential Reflectivity ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on wintertime orographic, mostly stratiform clouds is analyzed by means of data from an X-band dual-polarization radar, the Doppler-on-Wheels (DOW) radar, positioned on a mountain pass. This study focuses on six intensive observation periods (IOPs) during the 2012 AgI Seeding Cloud Impact Investigation (ASCII) project in Wyoming. In all six storms, the bulk upstream Froude number below mountaintop exceeded 1 (suggesting unblocked flow), the clouds were relatively shallow (with bases below freezing), some liquid water was present, and orographic flow conditions were mostly steady. To examine the silver iodide (AgI) seeding effect, three study areas are defined (a control area, a target area upwind of the crest, and a lee target area), and comparisons are made between measurements from a treated period and those from an untreated period. Changes in reflectivity and differential reflectivity observed by the DOW at low levels during seeding are consistent with enhanced snow growth, by vapor diffusion and/or aggregation, for a case study and for the composite analysis of all six IOPs, especially at close range upwind of the mountain crest. These low-level changes may have been affected by natural changes aloft, however, as evident from differences in the evolution of the echo-top height in the control and target areas. Even though precipitation in the target region is strongly correlated with that in the control region, the authors cannot definitively attribute the change to seeding because there is a lack of knowledge about natural variability, nor can the outcome be generalized, because the sample size is small.

scholarly journals A Confirmatory Snowfall Enhancement Project in the Snowy Mountains of Australia. Part I: Project Design and Response Variables

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1432-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Manton ◽  
Loredana Warren ◽  
Suzanne L. Kenyon ◽  
Andrew D. Peace ◽  
Shane P. Bilish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supercooled Liquid ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Fixed Target ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Seeding Material ◽  
Static Seeding ◽  
A Site ◽  
Precipitation Enhancement

AbstractThe Snowy Precipitation Enhancement Research Project (SPERP) was undertaken from May 2005 to June 2009 in the Snowy Mountains of southeastern Australia with the aim of enhancing snowfall in westerly flows associated with winter cold fronts. Building on earlier field studies in the region, SPERP was developed as a confirmatory experiment of glaciogenic static seeding using a silver-chloroiodide material dispersed from ground-based generators. Seeding of 5-h experimental units (EUs) was randomized with a seeding ratio of 2:1. A total of 107 EUs were undertaken at suitable times, based on surface and upper-air observations. Indium (III) oxide was released during all EUs for comparison of indium and silver concentrations in snow in seeded and unseeded EUs to test the targeting of seeding material. A network of gauges was deployed at 44 sites across the region to detect whether precipitation was enhanced in a fixed target area of 832 km2, using observations from a fixed control area to estimate the natural precipitation in the target. Additional measurements included integrated supercooled liquid water at a site in the target area and upper-air data from a site upwind of the target.

scholarly journals The Influence of Experimental Pain on Primary Motor Cortex Function: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahian Chowdhury ◽  
Wei-Ju Chang ◽  
Samantha K Millard ◽  
Patrick Skippen ◽  
Katarzyna Bilska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Abstract Introduction: The primary motor cortex (M1) is a key brain region implicated in pain processing. Here, we present a protocol for a review that aims to synthesise and critically appraise the evidence for the effect of experimentalpain on M1 function. Methods/Analysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted. Electronic databases will be searched using a predetermined strategy. Studies published before April 2020 that investigate the effects of experimentally induced pain on corticomotor excitability (CME) in healthy individuals will be included if they meet eligibility criteria. Study identification, data extraction andrisk of bias assessment will be conducted by two independent reviewers, with a third reviewer consulted for any disagreements. The primary outcomes will include group level changes in CME and intracortical, transcortical and sensorimotor modulators of CME. A separate analysis using individual data will also be conducted to explore individual differences in CME in response to experimental pain. The meta-analysis will consider the following factors: pain model (transient, tonic, transitional pain), type of painful tissue (cutaneous, musculoskeletal), time points of outcome measures(during or after recovery from pain) and localisation of pain(target area, control area). Discussion: This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms within M1 that mediate experimentally induced pain, both on a group and individual level. Registration Number: The systematic review is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (#CRD42020173172)

scholarly journals Changes of Blood Flow Volume in the Superior Mesenteric Artery and Brachial Artery with Abdominal Thermal Stimulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Takayama ◽  
Takashi Seki ◽  
Masashi Watanabe ◽  
Shigeru Takashima ◽  
Norihiro Sugita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Superior Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Thermal Stimulation ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Blood Flow Volume

In traditional Chinese medicine, moxibustion is a local thermal therapy that is used for several conditions. Quantifying the effects of moxibustion therapy has been difficult because the treatment temperature depends on the physician's experience, and the temperature distribution in the target area is not uniform. This prospective observational study aims to quantify the effect of local thermal stimulation to the abdomen. We developed a heat transfer control device (HTCD) for local thermal stimulation. Twenty-four healthy subjects were enrolled and they underwent abdominal thermal stimulation to the para-umbilical region with the device for 20 min. Blood flow volume in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and brachial artery (BA), the heart rate and the blood pressure were measured at rest, 15 min after starting thermal stimulation and 10, 20, 30 and 40 min after completing thermal stimulation. Blood flow parameters were measured by high-resolution ultrasound. In the SMA, blood flow volume was significantly increased during thermal stimulation (), as well as at 10 min () and 20 min () after stimulation. In the BA, blood flow volume decreased at 40 min after stimulation (). In conclusion we could quantify the effect of local thermal stimulation with an HTCD and high-resolution ultrasound. Thermal stimulation of the para-umbilical region increased blood flow in the SMA 20 min after stimulation in healthy subjects.

scholarly journals COUPLED HYDRODYNAMIC-HYDROLOGICAL MODELING FOR STORM SURGE INUNDATION IN THE COASTAL AREA

2018 ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Sangyoung Son ◽  
Chilwoo Lee ◽  
Tae-Hwa Jung ◽  
Kideok Do
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Shallow Water Equation ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Open Boundary ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Riverine Discharge

Tropical cyclone easily causes inundation damage to low-lying coastal area and the damage may be amplified due to tide motion, sea-level rise, riverine discharges. Specifically, typhoons are accompanied by intensive rainfall, which will of course raise the river water level and thus enhance the flooding damages. If the tidal cycle coincides the high water, flooding will be even aggravated. In the present study, we simulated storm surge motions at the coastal area considering combined effects of tidal and river discharge with aim to improve the accuracy of flooding prediction. The quasi 3-dimension ocean circulation model, Delf3D was used which solves the unsteady shallow water equation in the 2D and 3D. Since Delft3D is much applicable to accommodate the indirect flooding factors such as riverine discharge and short waves, outer-coupled modeling system was established to account for combined tide-surge-riverine discharge effects. In such integrated system, 11 tidal constituents were input as open boundary condition using TPXO 7.2 model, while the water level per unit time was preliminary calculated by HEC-HMS model and input as the upstream boundary conditions for river inside the domain. Typhoon MAEMI which attacked Masan city located at southern coast of South Korea and caused severe inundation damages in 2003 was selected for the study event. Basic information for typhoon such as path, wind speed, atmospheric pressure every 3 hours was provided by the Korea Meteorological Agency and was adopted. The simulation was implemented with tide and storm surge boundary conditions focusing on the target area, Masan, while the additional consideration on the discharge of the river inside the domain was also made. Simulated water level at the fixed location was compared to the observation for its verification and the extent of inundation areas of Masan were compared between observed and calculated. The marginal contribution of riverine discharge on the flooding area(or depth) was assessed by comparing tide-surge with tide-surge-riverine discharge simulations. Finally, the importance of the specific consideration on the riverine discharge during storm surge modeling can be addressed.

scholarly journals Analysis of the effects of the stream confluence on the Alagoas Aqueduct

RBRH ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerônimo Leoni Leandro Lima ◽  
Vladimir Caramori Borges de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Flow Discharge ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Level Elevation ◽  
Water Elevation

ABSTRACT The project of the Canal do Sertão (Alagoas Aqueduct) is an important step toward social and economic development in the semiarid region of Alagoas State in Brazil. Therefore, a hydrodynamic assessment in the canal is necessary due to a complex drainage system under parameters that were not considered during the project design and execution, mainly along the reach km 67, where it is located a convergent confluence and an overchute structure. The analysis conducted in this study addressed three main aspects: i) verify possible risks to the water quality of the canal, pumped from São Francisco River; ii) evaluate scenarios with risks to the canal structure due a convergent confluence between Riacho Seco and the stream of the tributary basins, which flows over a drainage structure crossing the canal at km 67.28; and iii) analyze the water level elevation into the overchute structure, submerged during flood events, and the water level elevation in the upstream reach of the confluence of the Riacho Seco, with a length of 620 m parallel to the canal and separate by a distance of 80 m from each other, where the level may rise reaching the left levee of the canal. Thus, were assessed the potential effect of the Riacho Seco confluence with the flow discharge of the tributary basins on the overchute structure at km 67.28 of the Canal do Sertão. The analysis of the water elevation and its possible risks to the water quality and the canal structure for different flood scenarios were performed by using the hydrodynamics models HEC-HAS. It was noticed that there is an elevation of the water surface of the tributary streams in the upstream reaches of the convergent confluence and that the drainage structure over the canal do Sertão fails for flow discharge with a return period of 50 years or more, overflowing the water from the drainage system into the channel.

scholarly journals Applying artificial snowfall to reduce the melting of the Muz Taw Glacier, Sawir Mountains

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2597-2606
Author(s):  
Feiteng Wang ◽  
Xiaoying Yue ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Huilin Li ◽  
Zhencai Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Equilibrium Line Altitude ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Precipitation Records

Abstract. The glaciers in the Sawir Mountains, Altai area, have been experiencing a continuing and accelerating ice loss since 1959, although the snowfall is abundant and evenly distributed over the year. As an attempt to reduce their melting, we carried out two artificial snowfall experiments on the Muz Taw Glacier during 19–22 August 2018. We measured the albedo and mass balance at different sites along the glacier before and after the experiments. Two automatic weather stations (AWSs) were set up at the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of the glacier as the target area and the forefield as the control area to record the precipitation, respectively. A comparison of the two precipitation records from the two AWSs suggests that natural precipitation could account for up to 21 % of the snowfall received by the glacier during the experiments. Because of the snowfalls, the glacier's surface albedo significantly increased in the middle to upper part; the average mass loss during 18–24 August (after the experiments) decreased by between 32 and 41 mm w.e (14 %–17 %) compared to during 12–18 August (before the experiments); and the mass resulting from the snowfall accounted for between 42 % and 54 % of the total melt during 18–24 August. We also propose a mechanism involving artificial snowfall, albedo, and mass balance, and the feedbacks describing the role of snowfall in reducing the melting of the glacier. The current status of the work is primitive as it is a preliminary trial, and the conclusions need more controlling experiments to validate it against larger spatio-temporal scales in future.

scholarly journals The double-ratio method (DRM): a robust three-probe sap flow technology that can accurately measure high, low and reverse flows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zijuan Deng ◽  
Heather Vice ◽  
Matthew Gilbert ◽  
Mark Adams ◽  
Thomas Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Double Ratio
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