scholarly journals Charitable Organizations in Singapore: From Clan Based to State Facilitated Endeavors

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Wu Tang
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Public Good ◽  
The State ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Media Reports

Abstract Singapore, with a five million population, has a vibrant charitable sector with over 2000 registered charities attracting approximately USD$2.18 billion in annual donations. How did Singapore’s charitable sector achieve its current level when it has been, in the past, segregated along mainly religious, race and clan-based communities? This paper explores this question by piecing together the current ecosystem, regulatory and tax infrastructure which facilitates the charitable sector in Singapore. Central to the development of the charitable sector has been the Singapore government’s role of being a gatekeeper, regulator and enabler of charities. In analysing the government’s role in the charitable sector, this paper locates Singapore’s charitable sector within the literature on government and nonprofit organization relations which has been described at times being cooperative, complementary, confrontational, and co-optive. These astute observations ring true with respect to the Singapore government’s relationship with the charitable sector. For organizations which pursue purposes consistent with state’s vision of public good, the state’s relationship with these charities has been largely cooperative and complementary. However, even within charities considered by the state to further public good, there is a strong element of co-optation where the state wields significant direct and indirect power over the charitable sector by way of provision of funding and board composition. In contrast, nonprofit organizations which engage in aims inconsistent with the state’s perceived public interest are, by law, unable to register itself as charities and enjoy corresponding fiscal benefits. Such nonprofit organizations also typically do not receive state funding. This demonstrates the confrontational nature of the state’s relationship with these nonprofit organizations. Through a close analysis of the laws, codes, media reports and academic literature on the charitable sector, the central thesis of this paper is that the charitable sector in Singapore is essentially a state facilitated endeavor.

The Legal Framework for Foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1750 to 1918

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-172
Author(s):  
Gabriele Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulation And Supervision ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Law

Foundations, as permanent funds established by a certain legal act, can serve manifold purposes, but often pursue charitable goals. As such, they play an important role for the public good. Therefore, states always had an interest in fostering foundations by providing a pertinent legal framework. In Austria, this topic has not yet been the focus of scholarship. Through this study some light is shed on the implementation of the law on foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy. It focuses on the role of the state and its legal system regarding the regulation and supervision of foundations from 1750 to 1918. This period is characterized by the sovereigns’ endeavor to regulate the position of foundations via extensive legislation. In particular, a system of oversight for foundations was created in order to guarantee the attainment of their charitable goals. In fact, this system prevailed until the end of the 20thcentury.

Factors that Impede or Facilitate Post-Conflict Justice Mechanisms?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn L. Rothe ◽  
Scott Maggard
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Post Conflict

This article provides an overview of post-conflict justice (PCJ) as well as a detailed analysis of factors that impede or facilitate the implementation of mechanisms to address the atrocities of a conflict. Grounded in an extensive new dataset, developed over the past three years, covering all conflicts in Africa between 1946 and 2009, we extend previous research by including empirical testing of previously untested assumptions and variables impacting PCJ, most notably, the role of power, politics, economics, and geo-strategic interests at the state and international political levels as well as combining previously tested variables amongst and between each other. Further, the aspects of PCJ, including conflicts where mechanisms were not deployed are included in the analysis along with those coded as symbolic in nature. We conclude by discussing the pragmatic issues associated with testing the concept of realpolitik and policy implications based on our analysis.

Writing as Reconciliation: Bearing Witness to Life after Genocide

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-167
Author(s):  
Catherine Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Future Generations ◽  
Bearing Witness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Close Analysis

Yolande Mukagasana is well known as the first survivor of the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda to publish her testimony in 1997. Almost 20 years later, she published a new testimonial narrative focusing on life after the genocide. Similarly, survivor Annick Kayitesi-Jozan published a first testimony in 2004 and a second thirteen years later. Why this decision to return to writing after so many years? In order to explore this question, this chapter focuses on their two recent testimonies: Mukagasana's L'Onu et le chagrin d'une négresse (Aviso, 2014) and Kayitesi-Jozan's Même Dieu ne veut pas s'en mêler (Seuil, 2017). Both these narratives oscillate between the past and the present, intertwining painful memories of the past with reflections on these women's active roles in post-genocide society and the legacy they are building for future generations, both in Rwanda and across the diaspora. Through close analysis of their narratives, this chapter interrogates the ways in which their thinking about reconciliation in post-genocide Rwandan society has changed, pointing to shifts in understanding of the role of writing in the post-genocide context and how its potential in facilitating reconciliation might be harnessed.

scholarly journals The Market for Charitable Giving

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A List
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Charitable Contributions ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Matching Grants

Through good and bad economic times, charitable gifts have continued to roll in largely unabated over the past half century. In a typical year, total charitable gifts of money now exceed 2 percent of gross domestic product. Moreover, charitable giving has nearly doubled in real terms since 1990, and the number of nonprofit organizations registered with the IRS grew by nearly 60 percent from 1995 to 2005. This study provides a perspective on the economic interplay of three types of actors: donors, charitable organizations, and government. How much is given annually? Who gives? Who are the recipients of these gifts? Would changes in the tax treatment of charitable contributions lead to more or less giving? How can charitable institutions design mechanisms to generate the greatest level of gifts? What about the effectiveness of seed money and matching grants?

scholarly journals The Role of Nonprofit Organizations and Volunteer Services in the Implementation of the National Strategy on Action for Children 2012–2017

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Semya ◽  
A.Y. Telitsyna
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Training System ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Provision Of Services

We analysed the role of socially oriented NGOs and volunteer services in the implementation of the objectives of National Strategy for Action on Children 2012–2017 and priority activities in the provision of services to vulnerable children and their families. The article provides the examples of innovative social practices and technologies developed and implemented by NGOs, which become generally accepted, widely used, and codified later. We show the role of the nonprofit institutions for the implementing the international experience. There is an increasing of the role of socially oriented NGOs as a partner of the regional authorities in the formulation and implementation of social policy modernization in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation over the past few years, including the organi- zation of interdepartmental and multidisciplinary interaction. The paper provides detailed analysis of the significance of the volunteer institution in the creation of conditions for development and socialization of children-orphans and children with disabilities, to identify further relevant activities in the context of deinstitu- tionalization of children in different categories without parental care, and trans- ferred to family care forms. The analysis showed that effective socially oriented NGOs, volunteer movements and public sector hampered by inadequate legal framework, weak activity of charitable organizations at the municipal level, the uncertainty of the evaluation of the action of NGOs and its effectiveness (lack of evaluation criteria), lack of staff training system for NCOs, "the fear of the authorities” is to transfer certain functions and powers as the national partner, the false perception of NGOs as a source of wealth and additional resources.

scholarly journals Activities and the discourse of the state agencies and institutions in Serbia in dealing with interethnic conflicts

Temida ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 61-94
Author(s):  
Sanja Copic
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Justice ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Democratic Societies

This paper aims at presenting a part of the research ?Fostering victim-oriented dialogue in a multiethnic society?, which was conducted by the Victimology Society of Serbia in the course of 2012 and the beginning of 2013 within the project ?Developing alternative understandings of security and justice through restorative justice approaches in intercultural settings within democratic societies? - ALTERNATIVE. The result of research into the activities of the state agencies and institutions in Serbia in dealing with multi-ethnic conflicts during the 1990s onwards will be presented. The analysis should identify the discourse of the state in relation to multiethnic conflicts in order to observe any changes or developments in the past two decades. In addition, the focus is on identifying the place and role of restorative justice in how the state responds to these conflicts in order to assess the potential of such an approach in Serbia and consider possible pathways towards its broader use.

scholarly journals Artificial intelligence and machine learning in dynamic cyber risk analytics at the edge

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Radanliev ◽  
David De Roure ◽  
Rob Walton ◽  
Max Van Kleek ◽  
Rafael Mantilla Montalvo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
New Process ◽  
Technical Systems ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cyber Risk

AbstractWe explore the potential and practical challenges in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cyber risk analytics, for improving organisational resilience and understanding cyber risk. The research is focused on identifying the role of AI in connected devices such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Through literature review, we identify wide ranging and creative methodologies for cyber analytics and explore the risks of deliberately influencing or disrupting behaviours to socio-technical systems. This resulted in the modelling of the connections and interdependencies between a system's edge components to both external and internal services and systems. We focus on proposals for models, infrastructures and frameworks of IoT systems found in both business reports and technical papers. We analyse this juxtaposition of related systems and technologies, in academic and industry papers published in the past 10 years. Then, we report the results of a qualitative empirical study that correlates the academic literature with key technological advances in connected devices. The work is based on grouping future and present techniques and presenting the results through a new conceptual framework. With the application of social science's grounded theory, the framework details a new process for a prototype of AI-enabled dynamic cyber risk analytics at the edge.

Governance and accounting practices in hybrid organizations: Insights from a sixteenth-century charity in Venice

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lusiani ◽  
Marco Vedovato ◽  
Chiara Pancot
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Hybrid Organizations ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Republic

This article explores governance and accounting practices in hybrid organizations. Currently, hybrid organizations represent an increasingly pervasive phenomenon, but their role has also been central in the past. To achieve this aim, we consider the case of a charity, the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, as its activity grew in scope and complexity during the sixteenth century in the Republic of Venice. The Scuole Grandi represents a form of hybrid organizations because these charities were privately managed, but publicly regulated. They shared a devotional orientation and performed de facto welfare functions in progressive integration with the State. Based on an analysis of balance sheets and administrative documents, this article aims to discuss the role of governance and accounting in enabling hybrid organizations to operate through multiple logics.

scholarly journals Historical view on the attempts to understand the function of sleep in the school of Ivan Pavlov and his Russian forerunners and followers

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 2514183X1983476
Author(s):  
Ivan N Pigarev ◽  
Marina L Pigareva
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Function Of Sleep

We reviewed the ideas of Ivan Pavlov and his Russian forerunners (Ivan Tarkhanov and Maria Manaseina) and followers (Nikolai Rozjanskiy and Konstantin Bykov) on the functional role of sleep. This analysis led to the conclusion that the state of sleep is connected with functional operations that have not been considered in the past and are also not being investigated in present neuroscience. Thus, a real understanding of the function of sleep may only come with a new neurophysiological paradigm.

Curriculum and Civil Society in Afghanistan

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Jones
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Practices ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
The Past ◽  
State Regime ◽  
The 1960S

Although research has traditionally discussed the ways in which societies in conflict develop educational practices, only recently have scholars begun to examine the role of education in creating or sustaining conflict. In Afghanistan, changing regimes have had an impact on state-sanctioned curricula over the past fifty years, drastically altering the purpose and ideology of education. In this article, Adele Jones traces the changing nature of Afghan curricula since the 1960s, highlighting the conflict surrounding curricula during the Soviet regime. She posits that resistance to statesanctioned curricula was seen as resistance to the state regime, often putting schools at the center of conflict. This continues today, as Taliban groups resist the Western-influenced curricula of modern Afghanistan. Jones argues that understanding this cycle of resistance is critical for Western agencies aiming to support educational efforts in the country.

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