scholarly journals Polypropylene-based long-life insecticide-treated mosquito netting

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (6-7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter W. Focke ◽  
Walter van Pareen
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Spinning ◽  
World Health ◽  
Roll Back Malaria ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Wash Temperature ◽  
Conventional Production ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Roll Back

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) is promoting the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) in order to roll back malaria. Long-life netting (LLIN) is preferred and this study investigated the possibility of incorporating the insecticide in the fiber polymer. Multifilament polypropylene (PP) yarn, containing up to 0.76% of pyrethroid insecticide, was successfully produced on a conventional production-scale fiber-spinning machine. The insecticides were incorporated via masterbatches that contained up to 18.8% active with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as the carrier. Nets knitted from the yarns were tested using bioassays with mosquitoes. Initial efficacy complied with WHO specifications but the performance deteriorated with the number of wash cycles. Crystalline insecticides, featuring a melting point above the wash temperature of 60°C (e.g., β-cyfluthrin), provided better wash resistance than amorphous insecticides (e.g., cyfluthrin).

scholarly journals The World Health Organization’s changing goals and expectations concerning malaria, 1948-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 145-164
Author(s):  
Socrates Litsios
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Roll Back Malaria ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
The World ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Roll Back

Abstract From its inception, in 1948, the World Health Organization made control of malaria a high priority. Early successes led many to believe that eradication was possible, although there were serious doubts concerning the continent of Africa. As evidence mounted that eradicating malaria was not a simple matter, the malaria eradication programme was downgraded to a unit in 1980. Revived interest in malaria followed the Roll Back Malaria Initiative adopted in 1998. This article presents an historical account of the globally changing ideas on control and elimination of the disease and argues that insufficient attention was paid to strengthening health services and specialized human resources.

scholarly journals Reality of having bed nets at home, their status and pattern of using it at night among the population of Lakhantari Village Development Committee of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Bijay Kumar Thapa ◽  
Kapil Kumar Pokharel ◽  
Nitendra Chaurasia ◽  
Alok Acharya ◽  
Rimu Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Background & Objectives:The use of insecticide treated nets has been advocated for the prevention of the vector borne transmitted disease (malaria) by the World Health Organization and UNICEF for more than a decade. In spite of this, there is no significant reduction in the transmission of the disease. Main objectives of study were to find out the real pattern of using it, to find out the physical integrity of the bed nets being used, and to prove the correlation in between the physical integrity of bed nets and the disease outcome. Torn bed nets with holes size more than 1.2 mm were considered as “holes” in this study.Materials & Methods:A community based cross- sectional study was carried out in Lakhantari VDC within the duration of two weeks. This VDC has been named recently as Gramthan Gaupalika one of State one.  Sample size of 384 was determined by the WHO sample size calculator. Face to face interview technique was used after taking consent from individual. Confidentiality was maintained. It was ethically approved by the IRC (Institutional Review Committee) of Nobel Medical College.Results:A total of 384 household were studied. Total household had bed nets but the physical integrity of bed nets was not intact. Almost 73% of the bed nets were torn having more than four holes in them. Nearly 94% of household used bed nets only for three to four days a week. Nearly half of the   Malaria was found among 22% and encephalitis in 17% of household. Conclusion:Use of bed nets do not prevent and provide guarantee from vector borne disease unless it is properly used. Torn bed nets are of almost no use unless people are using other preventive measures.

scholarly journals Antiplasmodial natural products: an update

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasir Tajuddeen ◽  
Fanie R. Van Heerden
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.

scholarly journals Bio-efficacy and Wash-fastness of a Lamda-cyhalothrin Long-lasting Insecticide Treatment Kit (ICON® Maxx) Against Mosquitoes on Various Polymer Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Tungu ◽  
Wema Sudi ◽  
Harparkash Kaur ◽  
Stephen Magesa ◽  
Mark Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Home Treatment ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
World Health ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Wash Fastness ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Efficacy Criteria ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract BackgroundLong-lasting efficacy of insecticide treated nets is a balance between adhesion, retention and migration of insecticide to the surface of netting fibres. ICON® Maxx is a twin-sachet ‘home-treatment kit’ of pyrethroid plus binding agent, recommended by the World Health Organization for long-lasting, wash-fast treatment of polyester nets. While knitted polyester netting is widely used, fine woven polyethylene netting is increasingly available and nets made of cotton and nylon are common in Africa and Asia. It is important to investigate whether ICON Maxx is able to fulfill the WHO criteria of long-lasting treatment on a range of domestic fabrics to widen the scope for malaria protection.Method This study was a controlled comparison of the bio-efficacy and wash-fastness of lambda-cyhalothrin CS, with or without binder, on nets made of cotton, polyethylene, nylon, dyed and undyed polyester. Evaluation compared an array of bioassays, WHO cone and cylinder, median time to knockdown and WHO tunnel tests using Anopheles mosquitoes. Chemical assay revealed further insight. ResultsICON Maxx treated polyethylene and polyester netting met the WHO cone and tunnel test bio-efficacy criteria for LLIN after 20 standardized washes. Although nylon and cotton netting failed to meet the WHO cone and cylinder criteria, both materials passed the WHO tunnel test criterion of 80% mortality after 20 washes. All materials treated with standard lambda-cyhalothrin CS without binder failed to meet any of the WHO bio-efficacy criteria within 5 washes. ConclusionThe bio-efficacy of ICON Maxx against mosquitoes on netting washed up to 20 times demonstrated wash durability on a range of synthetic polymer and natural fibres: polyester, polyethylene, nylon and cotton. This raises the prospect of making the insecticide-binder kit into an effective approach for turning untreated nets, curtains, military clothing, blankets - and tents and tarpaulins as used in disasters and humanitarian emergencies - into effective malaria prevention products. It may provide a solution to the problem of reduced LLIN coverage between campaigns by converting commercially sourced untreated nets into LLINs through community or home treatment. It may also open the door to binding of non-pyrethroid insecticides to nets and textiles for control of pyrethroid resistant vectors.

scholarly journals All Nets are Equal, But Some Nets are More Equal Than Others

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-4
Author(s):  
Mark Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Test Product ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

Much of the dramatic decline in malaria in sub-Saharan Africa since 2000 is due to the massive investment in long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLIN). According to the latest figures from the World Health Organization (WHO), over half of Africa's population now has access to LLIN, increasing from 33% in 2010 to 57% in 2019 (WHO 2019). In 2018 alone, 197 million LLINs were delivered to Africa by manufacturers. Despite this, LLIN coverage has improved only marginally since 2015. The malaria burden worldwide has fallen only slightly from an estimated 231 million cases of malaria in 2017 to 228 million in 2018, and is at a standstill in Africa. WHO policy is to assess candidate 2nd-in-class products for entomological efficacy only. Due to the significant variation in the specifications of the candidates, to generate the required assurance of comparative performance to 1st in class, WHO has designed a non-inferiority trial design to demonstrate whether each candidate 2nd-in-class test product is no worse in experimental hut trials.

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN KELAMBU BERINSEKTISIDA (LLINs) TERHADAP KASUS MALARIA (Studi Di Desa Ngreco Kecamatan Tegalombo Kabupaten Pacitan Tahun 2016)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizka Ilmawati ◽  
Sri Mardoyo ◽  
Suroso Bambang Eko Warno
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Mosquito Net ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
The World ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACTMalaria is a contagious disease that still becomes wide health problem in the world, including Indonesia.In 2014, API of Pacitan was the highest in East Java with 75 patients suffered from malaria. One of the endemicvillage in Pacitan is Ngreco village. Malaria vector control effort undertaken in the village is the use of insecticidetreatedbed nets, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The use of insecticide-treated netseffectively prevent transmission of malaria when supported with good care to insecticide-treated nets.This study aims to determine the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets used by Ngreco Villagecommunity as malaria vector control to the decline in malaria cases. This is a quasi-experimental research. Thedata were collected through interview and sampling. The research sample was 29 homes for interviews and 4insecticide-treated nets used by the community for Bio-assay Test.The results of this study shows a decrease in new case of malaria in 2007-2010 from 23 new cases into2 new cases in 2011 to 2015. The results of efficacy test conducted on four samples of net used by thecommunity showed that net with 30 months of use (effectiveness <80%) are no longer effective to be used as avector control of malaria, while net with 12 months of use (effectiveness> 80%) is still effective to be used asmalaria vector control.The society should pay more attention on how to laundry the net that it is durable as malaria vectorcontrol. The health center needs to conduct controlling of mosquito nets routinely to find out whether the netsare still effective that replacement or dyeing of the of net can be performed.Keywords: Insecticidal mosquito net, effectiveness, malaria

scholarly journals Insecticide-treated bed net access and use among preschool children in Nouna District, Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Ali Sié ◽  
Mamadou Bountogo ◽  
Mamadou Ouattara ◽  
Pascal Zabre ◽  
Cheik Bagagnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Bed Net ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Bed Net Access

Abstract Background We evaluated universal insecticide-treated bed net access and use in children &lt;5 y of age in a rural area of Burkina Faso. Methods A door-to-door enumerative census was conducted in Nouna District, Burkina Faso in December 2018 through April 2019. The most recent mass bed net distribution campaign occurred in June 2016. Heads of households were interviewed about household bed net ownership and use by children &lt;5 y of age. We evaluated the relationship between demographic and socio-economic factors and household universal bed net access and use by children. Results In 23 610 households with at least one child &lt;5 y of age, 71 329 bed nets were reported (94.5% insecticide-treated). One-third (35.2%) of households had universal access and two-thirds (67.0%) of children slept under an insecticide-treated net the previous night. Children in households with universal access more often slept under a net the previous night (adjusted odds ratio 4.81 [95% confidence interval 4.39–5.26]). Conclusions Bed net coverage was substantially less than the 80% World Health Organization target for universal coverage in Nouna District. Insecticide-treated nets were used preferentially for children, but important gaps remain in consistent bed net use in this population. Structural and behavioural interventions are needed to close these gaps.

scholarly journals Malaria and COVID-19: unmasking their ties

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogahed Ismail Hassan Hussein ◽  
Ahmed Abdalazim Dafallah Albashir ◽  
Omer Ali Mohamed Ahmed Elawad ◽  
Anmar Homeida
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe incidence and mortality of COVID-19, according to the World Health Organization reports, shows a noticeable difference between North America, Western Europe, and South Asia on one hand and most African countries on the other hand, especially the malaria-endemic countries. Although this observation could be attributed to limited testing capacity, mitigation tools adopted and cultural habits, many theories have been postulated to explain this difference in prevalence and mortality. Because death tends to occur more in elders, both the role of demography, and how the age structure of a population may contribute to the difference in mortality rate between countries were discussed. The variable distribution of the ACEI/D and the ACE2 (C1173T substitution) polymorphisms has been postulated to explain this variable prevalence. Up-to-date data regarding the role of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) in COVID-19 have been summarized. The article also sheds lights on how the similarity of malaria and COVID-19 symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis of one disease for the other or overlooking the possibility of co-infection. As the COVID-19 pandemic threatens the delivery of malaria services, such as the distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying, as well as malaria chemoprevention there is an urgent need for rapid and effective responses to avoid malaria outbreaks.

scholarly journals Bio-efficacy and wash-fastness of a lambda-cyhalothrin long-lasting insecticide treatment kit (ICON® Maxx) against mosquitoes on various polymer materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick K. Tungu ◽  
Wema S. Sudi ◽  
Harparkash Kaur ◽  
Stephen M. Magesa ◽  
Mark Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Home Treatment ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
World Health ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Wash Fastness ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Efficacy Criteria ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Long-lasting efficacy of insecticide-treated nets is a balance between adhesion, retention and migration of insecticide to the surface of netting fibres. ICON® Maxx is a twin-sachet ‘home-treatment kit’ of pyrethroid plus binding agent, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for long-lasting, wash-fast treatment of polyester nets. While knitted polyester netting is widely used, fine woven polyethylene netting is increasingly available and nets made of cotton and nylon are common in Africa and Asia. It is important to investigate whether ICON Maxx is able to fulfill the WHO criteria of long-lasting treatment on a range of domestic fabrics to widen the scope for malaria protection. Methods This study was a controlled comparison of the bio-efficacy and wash-fastness of lambda-cyhalothrin CS, with or without binder, on nets made of cotton, polyethylene, nylon, dyed and undyed polyester. Evaluation compared an array of bioassays: WHO cone and cylinder, median time to knockdown and WHO tunnel tests using Anopheles mosquitoes. Chemical assay revealed further insight. Results ICON Maxx treated polyethylene and polyester netting met the WHO cone and tunnel test bio-efficacy criteria for LLIN after 20 standardized washes. Although nylon and cotton netting failed to meet the WHO cone and cylinder criteria, both materials passed the WHO tunnel test criterion of 80% mortality after 20 washes. All materials treated with standard lambda-cyhalothrin CS without binder failed to meet any of the WHO bio-efficacy criteria within 5 washes. Conclusion The bio-efficacy of ICON Maxx against mosquitoes on netting washed up to 20 times demonstrated wash durability on a range of synthetic polymer and natural fibres: polyester, polyethylene, nylon and cotton. This raises the prospect of making insecticide-binder kits into an effective approach for turning untreated nets, curtains, military clothing, blankets—and tents and tarpaulins as used in disasters and humanitarian emergencies—into effective malaria prevention products. It may provide a solution to the problem of reduced LLIN coverage between campaigns by converting commercially sourced untreated nets into LLINs through community or home treatment. It may also open the door to binding of non-pyrethroid insecticides to nets and textiles for control of pyrethroid resistant vectors.

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