Regional Variations of and Regional Variations within Functional Differentiation – The Middle East and World Society

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Mathias Albert ◽  
Stephan Stetter
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
World Society ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
World Regions ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Variation Of Functional ◽  
Argument Proceeds

Abstract This article highlights the territorial and functional embedding of world regions within a functionally differentiated world society, as well as the heterogeneity between different (local) practices of functional differentiation within world regions. Its argument proceeds in two steps. In a first step, it discusses the distinction between regional variations of functional differentiation versus regional variations within functional differentiation as an important tool in order to characterize specific variations of structural patterns. In a second step it turns to the Middle Eastern case, arguing that while at first glance this may be a candidate for a regional variation of functional differentiation, a closer look reveals that it has been characterized by a very specific variation within functional differentiation for quite a while. The article concludes by using these observations for some thoughts on the functional differentiation of world society more generally.

Introduction: How to Conceive Global Function Systems?

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Rudolf Stichweh
Keyword(s):  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
World Society ◽  
Global Function ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
Individual Function ◽  
World Regions ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The introduction summarizes the analytical perspectives used and the conceptual structures introduced in the essays of this volume. On the basis of the results of this synthesis it proposes four directions for further research: 1. The identification of beginnings of functional differentiation in premodern societies in different world regions. 2. The analysis of conceptual transfers and of the contours of global categories that connect the regions of an emerging world society. 3. The historical-analytical tracing of the differentiation histories of the individual function systems. How do they expand on the basis of the symbol complexes of which they consist? 4. The study of the complexity of a functionally differentiated world society: The multiplicity of function systems, the intensification of interactions among them, the global problems behind the rise of new function systems, the varieties within function systems and the variant structural couplings between them.

scholarly journals Optimal Thermal Characteristics of the Courtyard in the Hot and Arid Climate of Isfahan

Buildings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Hasehzadeh Haseh ◽  
Mehdi Khakzand ◽  
Morteza Ojaghlou
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Optimal Form ◽  
The Third ◽  
Simulation Process

The courtyard is a common and traditional architectural concept in Middle Eastern countries, especially Iran. This study presents practical solutions to arrive at the optimal form and features of a courtyard based on this traditional architecture to cope with the hot and arid climate of Isfahan, Iran. A model using the ENVI-met 3.1 software was used to simulate the courtyard orientation, the height of the wall enclosure, the albedo of the materials and the vegetation level in Isfahan. As the first step of the simulation, different orientations were simulated. Based on the results, the northern courtyard is recommended as the optimum orientation for the remainder of the simulation process. A high wall enclosure is recommended in the second step of simulation to ensure cool temperatures at noon and warmth at night. In the third step, it is advised to use low-albedo material in the courtyards to avoid the extra reflected radiation of used materials on the inhabitants. The final step suggests that more than 50% of the courtyard plan should be covered by greenery to ensure thermal comfort in the courtyards. Based on these suggestions, designers can create more sustainable courtyards that are better suited to the hot and arid climate of Isfahan.

scholarly journals THE BIPOLARITY OF DEMOCRACY AND AUTHORITARIANISM: VALUE PATTERNS, INCLUSION ROLES AND FORMS OF INTERNAL DIFFERENTIATION OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-846
Author(s):  
Anna L. Ahlers ◽  
Rudolf Stichweh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
World Society ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Horizontal Differentiation ◽  
Political Inclusion

Abstract The paper begins with the observation that today’s world society exhibits a political regime bipolarity and suggests an interpretation, based on the sociological theories of inclusion and functional differentiation. We (1) distinguish democratic and authoritarian political regimes by identifying the different value patterns underlying collectively binding decision making. Democracy is understood as a political regime based on the ‘autopoiesis’ of its constitutive values, while in authoritarian regimes we observe a ‘heterogenesis’ of values. To this we (2) add the idea that modern states are characterized by the imperative of individual political inclusion. At the same time new patterns arise for the inclusion of collectivities. Concluding (3), we postulate that this approach allows the study of ongoing transformations of differentiation in both types of regimes. In this part, we present an overview of the hierarchy of levels of modern polities and the horizontal differentiation of subsystems and organizations.

scholarly journals Uzbekistan – A Region of World Society? Variants of Differentiation in Agricultural Resources Governance

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 112-134
Author(s):  
Anna-Katharina Hornidge ◽  
Kristof Van Assche ◽  
Anastasiya Shtaltovna
Keyword(s):  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
World Society ◽  
Agricultural Resources ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Client Relationships ◽  
Short Term Adaptation ◽  
Local Actors

Abstract This article studies the layered coexistence and mutual shaping of three forms of differentiation (functional, segmentary, hierarchical) in rural Uzbekistan, a region of world society that, since 1991, is undergoing tremendous processes of socio-economic transformation and change. More precisely, we analyse the evolving governance of land, water and agricultural support services (knowledge & advice) in the Uzbek province of Khorezm, where currently three types of farms utilise various social practices to navigate a complex and partly opaque environment marked by various forms of differentiation, each posing different opportunities, threats and coordination mechanisms (institutions). In doing so, the article builds on Rudolf Stichweh’s considerations of world society’s structural patterns, its ‘Eigenstructures’ as well as Niklas Luhmann’s conceptualisation of world society’s autopoietically closed function systems. Based on ethnographic research, we argue that the mobilisation of patron-client relationships, a complex system of coercive reciprocity and a trilogy of formal, strategic and discursive practices are widely employed to cope with the coexistence of an undermined layer of functional differentiation and reaffirmed/reinvented segmentary and hierarchical identities. We argue that the skilful navigation by local actors between these different differentiation forms and their demands, embodies a short-term adaptation strategy that is likely to hamper a (re-)crystallisation of autonomous functional domains. Hampering functional differentiation jeopardises long-term change adaptation.

scholarly journals Handbuch Inklusion international / International Handbook of Inclusive Education

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
World Regions ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
Diverse World ◽  
National Norms

Global paradigm, national norms and local practices. The International Handbook of Inclusive Education combines theoretical approaches and myriad comparative perspectives on inclusive education considering its global diffusion. Its contributions provide comprehensive access to international discourses, comparative research results, and inspiring practices from diverse world regions—Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America—and emphasize the relevance of comparative studies.

scholarly journals Die formule (ἐν ΧρισΤῷ) as basis van die Pauliniese ekklesiologie

1996 ◽  
Vol 52 (2/3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Botma ◽  
Andries Van Aarde
Keyword(s):  
Second Step ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Argument Proceeds ◽  
The Church

The formula (ἐν ΧρισΤῷ) as the basis of Pauline ecclesiology. This article is an attempt to interpret the Pauline formulaἐν ΧρισΤῷ. The argument proceeds from the thesis that the formula forms the basis of Pauline ecclesiology. Firstly, traditional interpretations of the formula are shown to be inadequate since they understand the phrase one-sidedly as a reference to the kerugma of the cross. It is argued instead, as a second step, that theformula should be understood in terms ofparticipation in the 'Jesus-Sache'. This expression encapsulates Paul's intention that the believer should 'become as Jesus was' Participation and reconciliation, ethics and Suffering thus cohere. In conclusion, the meaning of the formula ἐν ΧρισΤῷ is further explicated by juxtaposing it with the phrase ἐν ΧρισΤῷ The interpretation of the genitive as subjective implies that the believer should 'believe as Christ believed'. To participate in the 'Jesus-Sache'  thus means to become part of the church.

scholarly journals De la racionalidad a la razonabilidad: ¿es posible una fundamentación epistemológica de una moral “política”?

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (86) ◽  
pp. 53-81
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Broad Sense ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Moral View ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Rational Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
Liberal Societies ◽  
Argument Proceeds

The main argument of this paper tries to justify some duties of respect and tolerance common in liberal societies. The argument proceeds in four steps. First, it shows that a rational person (in a broad sense) will take seriously into account the Rawlsian "burdens of judgment”. The second step tries to prove that taking the burdens of judgment seriously leads a rational person to a fallibilist position regarding moral doctrines (in the sense of assuming that the own comprehensive moral view can be wrong). The third (and crucial) step of the argument aims to derive a tolerant attitude toward other (incompatible) conceptions of the good from the fallibilist position. And, finally, some limits of this attitude based on the same fallibilist position are considered and discussed.

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