Experimental methods for the determination of stress changes at electrified solid-liquid interfaces

In the present study some of the methods developed for the experimental determination of (interfacial or film) stress changes in electrochemical systems containing solid-liquid interfaces are briefly reviewed, as well as the kind and quality of information that can be obtained using these methods are discussed. The “bending beam” (“bending cantilever”, “laser beam deflection”, “wafer curvature”) method and related techniques, the piezoelectric method, the extensometer method, and the method based on the measurement of contact angle are discussed in detail. Special attention has been paid to problems related to the use of optical methods for position sensing.