On the Paddle -Wheel Mechanism for Cation Conduction in Lithium Sulphate

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Lundén
Keyword(s):  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Paddle Wheel ◽  
Plastic Crystals ◽  
Cation Migration ◽  
Lithium Sulphate ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Wheel Model ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Reverse Monte Carlo Method

Abstract A few high-temperature sulphate phases are both plastic crystals and solid electrolytes, the latter because the hindered rotational motion of the sulphate ions enhances the mobility of the cations. This interpretation has been called the paddle-wheel model, and it is obvious that cation migration becomes a much more complicated process in a plastic ionic crystal than in a crystal with a stiff, time-independent structure. Thus, there are strongly enhanced contributions from conventional migration mechanisms, such as jumping from well-defined lattice sites, but it is evident that there also are contributions which are specific for the paddle-wheel mechanism. By the molecular dynamics study by Ferrario, Klein and McDonald it has become possible to identify separately the contributions from centre-of-mass displacements and rotations of the sulphate group. Information in this direction has also been obtained recently by Karlsson and McGreevy in a neutron powder diffraction study where the reverse Monte Carlo method is used for modelling the data. The latter authors have modified the terminology slightly, which causes confusion regarding the meaning of the term "paddle-wheel mechanism". The "paddle-wheel" enhances not only bulk migration but also migration along interfaces and surfaces. The mobility can also be increased for monovalent anions present. Some examples are given of other types of mobility enhancements which also are due to libration or rotation of polyatomic anions.

scholarly journals A Biophysical Analysis on the Arm Stroke Efficiency in Front Crawl Swimming: Comparing Methods and Determining the Main Performance Predictors

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peterson Silveira ◽  
Soares ◽  
Zacca ◽  
Alves ◽  
Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Paddle Wheel ◽  
Performance Predictors ◽  
Biophysical Analysis ◽  
Wheel Model ◽  
Ratio Speed

Purpose: to compare different methods to assess the arm stroke efficiency (?F ), whenswimming front crawl using the arms only on the Measurement of Active Drag System (MADSystem) and in a free-swimming condition, and to identify biophysical adaptations to swimming onthe MAD System and the main biophysical predictors of maximal swimming speed in the 200 mfront crawl using the arms only (?200m). Methods: fourteen swimmers performed twice a 5 × 200 mincremental trial swimming the front crawl stroke using the arms only, once swimming freely, andonce swimming on the MAD System. The total metabolic power was assessed in both conditions.The biomechanical parameters were obtained from video analysis and force data recorded on theMAD System. The ?F was calculated using: (i) direct measures of mechanical and metabolic power(power-based method); (ii) forward speed/hand speed ratio (speed-based method), and (iii) thesimplified paddle-wheel model. Results: both methods to assess ?F on the MAD System differed (p< 0.001) from the expected values for this condition (?F = 1), with the speed-based method providingthe closest values (?F~0.96). In the free-swimming condition, the power-based (?F~0.75), speedbased(?F~0.62), and paddle-wheel (?F~0.39) efficiencies were significantly different (p < 0.001).Although all methods provided values within the limits of agreement, the speed-based methodprovided the closest values to the “actual efficiency”. The main biophysical predictors of ?200mwere included in two models: biomechanical (R2 = 0.98) and physiological (R2 = 0.98). Conclusions:our results suggest that the speed-based method provides the closest values to the “actual ?F” andconfirm that swimming performance depends on the balance of biomechanical and bioenergeticparameters

Dynamics in superionic lithium sulphate lattice: paddle wheel versus percolation mechanism

1992 ◽  
Vol 194 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 351-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Satheesan Babu ◽  
Bhalachandra L. Tembe
Keyword(s):  
Paddle Wheel ◽  
Lithium Sulphate

A simplified method of emulsion coating and development for quantitative electron microscopic radioautography

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
K. Yoshida ◽  
F. Murata ◽  
S. Ohno ◽  
T. Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Identical Condition ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Electron Microscopic Radioautography ◽  
Quantitative Radioautography

IntroductionSeveral methods of mounting emulsion for radioautography at the electron microscopic level have been reported. From the viewpoint of quantitative radioautography, however, there are many critical problems in the procedure to produce radioautographs. For example, it is necessary to apply and develop emulsions in several experimental groups under an identical condition. Moreover, it is necessary to treat a lot of grids at the same time in the dark room for statistical analysis. Since the complicated process and technical difficulties in these procedures are inadequate to conduct a quantitative analysis of many radioautographs at once, many factors may bring about unexpected results. In order to improve these complicated procedures, a simplified dropping method for mass production of radioautographs under an identical condition was previously reported. However, this procedure was not completely satisfactory from the viewpoint of emulsion homogeneity. This paper reports another improved procedure employing wire loops.

Si(Li) detector for microanalysis cooled by thermoelectric device

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1736-1737
Author(s):  
Shaul Barkan
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Thermoelectric Device ◽  
Peltier Cooler ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
The Common

Cooling down solid state detecors, with other different way then liquid Nitrogen, is a goal of many vendors and customers since the invention of these detectors. THe disadvantage of the common way of liquid Nitrogen is first the inavailibility of the LN in many uses (like space military and any other applications that are not done inside a well organize Laboratory). The use of LN also considers as a Labor consumer in addition to the big dewar that has to be added to any detector for storing the LN, the boiling of the LN, may cause microphonics problesm and the refiling of the dewar in many Labs is a complicated process due to inconvenience location of the microscope.In this paper I will show a spectra result of 10mm2 SiLi detector for microanalysis use, cooled by peltier cooler. The peltier cooler has the advantage of non-microphonics and non-labor needed (like adding LN to the dewar).

Influence of gait pattern on the body's centre of mass displacement in children with cerebral palsy

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firas Massaad ◽  
Frédéric Dierick ◽  
Adélaïde van den Hecke ◽  
Christine Detrembleur
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Children With Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Mass Displacement

Processing of Social Identity Threats

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha de Hoog
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Neutral Group ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
Social Identity Threat ◽  
Identity Threats ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Source Study

The underlying process of reactions to social identity threat was examined from a defense motivation perspective. Two studies measured respondents’ social identification, after which they read threatening group information. Study 1 compared positive and negative group information, attributed to an ingroup or outgroup source. Study 2 compared negative and neutral group information to general negative information. It was expected that negative group information would induce defense motivation, which reveals itself in biased information processing and in turn affects the evaluation of the information. High identifiers should pay more attention to, have higher threat perceptions of, more defensive thoughts of, and more negative evaluations of negative group information than positive or neutral group information. Findings generally supported these predictions.

Structural, Spectral and Mechanical Studies of Picric Acid-Doped Glycine Lithium Sulphate Crystals

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 456-458
Author(s):  
D. Jencyline Navarani ◽  
◽  
P. Selvarajan P. Selvarajan
Keyword(s):  
Picric Acid ◽  
Lithium Sulphate ◽  
Mechanical Studies

CONTEMPORARY ASPECTS IN THE SELECTION OF TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING WEB SITES

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Petar Halachev ◽  
Aleksandra Todeva ◽  
Gergana Georgieva ◽  
Marina Jekova
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Work Process ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Selection Of

he report explores and analyzes the application of the most popular programming languages from different organizations: GitHub; Stackoverflow; the TIOBE's Community index. The main client technologies: HTML; CSS; JavaScript; Typescript are presented and analysed. Features are characterized and the advantages and the disadvantages of the server technologies are described: Java; PHP; Python; Ruby. The application areas for web site development technologies have been defined. The creation of a quality web site is a complex and complicated process, but by observing some guidelines and recommendations in the work process can help to select the tools and the technologies in its design and development.

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