scholarly journals A Biophysical Analysis on the Arm Stroke Efficiency in Front Crawl Swimming: Comparing Methods and Determining the Main Performance Predictors

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peterson Silveira ◽  
Soares ◽  
Zacca ◽  
Alves ◽  
Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Paddle Wheel ◽  
Performance Predictors ◽  
Biophysical Analysis ◽  
Wheel Model ◽  
Ratio Speed

Purpose: to compare different methods to assess the arm stroke efficiency (?F ), whenswimming front crawl using the arms only on the Measurement of Active Drag System (MADSystem) and in a free-swimming condition, and to identify biophysical adaptations to swimming onthe MAD System and the main biophysical predictors of maximal swimming speed in the 200 mfront crawl using the arms only (?200m). Methods: fourteen swimmers performed twice a 5 × 200 mincremental trial swimming the front crawl stroke using the arms only, once swimming freely, andonce swimming on the MAD System. The total metabolic power was assessed in both conditions.The biomechanical parameters were obtained from video analysis and force data recorded on theMAD System. The ?F was calculated using: (i) direct measures of mechanical and metabolic power(power-based method); (ii) forward speed/hand speed ratio (speed-based method), and (iii) thesimplified paddle-wheel model. Results: both methods to assess ?F on the MAD System differed (p< 0.001) from the expected values for this condition (?F = 1), with the speed-based method providingthe closest values (?F~0.96). In the free-swimming condition, the power-based (?F~0.75), speedbased(?F~0.62), and paddle-wheel (?F~0.39) efficiencies were significantly different (p < 0.001).Although all methods provided values within the limits of agreement, the speed-based methodprovided the closest values to the “actual efficiency”. The main biophysical predictors of ?200mwere included in two models: biomechanical (R2 = 0.98) and physiological (R2 = 0.98). Conclusions:our results suggest that the speed-based method provides the closest values to the “actual ?F” andconfirm that swimming performance depends on the balance of biomechanical and bioenergeticparameters

Intracyclic Variation of Force and Swimming Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro G. Morouço ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
Raul Arellano ◽  
João P. Vilas-Boas
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
High Level ◽  
Maximal Effort

Context: In front-crawl swimming, the upper limbs perform alternating movements with the aim of achieving a continuous application of force in the water, leading to lower intracyclic velocity variation (dv). This parameter has been identified as a crucial criterion for swimmers’ evaluation. Purpose: To examine the assessment of intracyclic force variation (dF) and to analyze its relationship with dv and swimming performance. Methods: A total of 22 high-level male swimmers performed a maximal-effort 50-m front-crawl time trial and a 30-s maximal-effort fully tethered swimming test, which were randomly assigned. Instantaneous velocity was obtained by a speedometer and force by a strain-gauge system. Results: Similarity was observed between the tests, with dF attaining much higher magnitudes than dv (P < .001; d = 8.89). There were no differences in stroke rate or in physiological responses between tethered and free swimming, with a high level of agreement for the stroke rate and blood lactate increase. Swimming velocity presented a strong negative linear relationship with dF (r = −.826, P < .001) and a moderate negative nonlinear relationship with dv (r = .734, P < .01). With the addition of the maximum impulse to dF, multiple-regression analysis explained 83% of the free-swimming performance. Conclusions: Assessing dF is a promising approach for evaluating a swimmer’s performance. From the experiments, this new parameter showed that swimmers with higher dF also present higher dv, leading to a decrease in performance.

Biophysical Determinants of Front-Crawl Swimming at Moderate and Severe Intensities

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Ribeiro ◽  
Argyris G. Toubekis ◽  
Pedro Figueiredo ◽  
Kelly de Jesus ◽  
Huub M. Toussaint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Biophysical Analysis ◽  
Propelling Efficiency ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Purpose:To conduct a biophysical analysis of the factors associated with front-crawl performance at moderate and severe swimming intensities, represented by anaerobic-threshold (vAnT) and maximal-oxygen-uptake (vV̇O2max) velocities.Methods:Ten high-level swimmers performed 2 intermittent incremental tests of 7 × 200 and 12 × 25 m (through a system of underwater push-off pads) to assess vAnT, and vV̇O2max, and power output. The 1st protocol was videotaped (3D reconstruction) for kinematic analysis to assess stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL), propelling efficiency (ηP), and index of coordination (IdC). V̇O2 was measured and capillary blood samples (lactate concentrations) were collected, enabling computation of metabolic power. The 2nd protocol allowed calculating mechanical power and performance efficiency from the ratio of mechanical to metabolic power.Results:Neither vAnT nor vV̇O2max was explained by SF (0.56 ± 0.06 vs 0.68 ± 0.06 Hz), SL (2.29 ± 0.21 vs 2.06 ± 0.20 m), ηP (0.38 ± 0.02 vs 0.36± 0.03), IdC (–12.14 ± 5.24 vs –9.61 ± 5.49), or metabolic-power (1063.00 ± 122.90 vs 1338.18 ± 127.40 W) variability. vV̇O2max was explained by power to overcome drag (r = .77, P ≤ .05) and ηP (r = .72, P ≤ .05), in contrast with the nonassociation between these parameters and vAnT; both velocities were well related (r = .62, P ≤ .05).Conclusions:The biomechanical parameters, coordination, and metabolic power seemed not to be performance discriminative at either intensity. However, the increase in power to overcome drag, for the less metabolic input, should be the focus of any intervention that aims to improve performance at severe swimming intensity. This is also true for moderate intensities, as vAnT and vV˙O2max are proportional to each other.

scholarly journals What Is the Optimal Strength Training Load to Improve Swimming Performance? A Randomized Trial of Male Competitive Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11770
Author(s):  
Sofiene Amara ◽  
Emmet Crowley ◽  
Senda Sammoud ◽  
Yassine Negra ◽  
Raouf Hammami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of high, moderate, and low resistance training volume-load of maximum strength training on muscle strength and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. Thirty-three male swimmers were randomly allocated to high (age = 16.5 ± 0.30 years), moderate (age = 16.1 ± 0.32 years) and a low resistance training volume-load group (age = 15.9 ± 0.31). This study was carried out in mid-season (January to March). Pre and post strength (e.g., repetition maximum [1RM] leg extension and bench press tests), swimming (25, 50 m front-crawl), start (speed, time, distance) and turn (time of turn) performance tests were conducted. Our findings revealed a large main effect of time for 1RM bench press: d = 1.38; 1RM leg extension: d = 1.55, and for 25 (d = 1.12), and 50 m (d = 1.97) front-crawl, similarly for start and turn performance (d = 1.28–1.46). However, no significant Group × Time interactions were shown in all strength swimming performances, start and turn tests (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low training loads have been shown to elicit the same results as moderate, and high training loads protocol. Therefore, this study shows evidence that the addition of low training volume-loads as a regular part of a maximal strength training regime will elicit improvements in strength and swimming performance.

On the Paddle -Wheel Mechanism for Cation Conduction in Lithium Sulphate

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Lundén
Keyword(s):  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Paddle Wheel ◽  
Plastic Crystals ◽  
Cation Migration ◽  
Lithium Sulphate ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Wheel Model ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Reverse Monte Carlo Method

Abstract A few high-temperature sulphate phases are both plastic crystals and solid electrolytes, the latter because the hindered rotational motion of the sulphate ions enhances the mobility of the cations. This interpretation has been called the paddle-wheel model, and it is obvious that cation migration becomes a much more complicated process in a plastic ionic crystal than in a crystal with a stiff, time-independent structure. Thus, there are strongly enhanced contributions from conventional migration mechanisms, such as jumping from well-defined lattice sites, but it is evident that there also are contributions which are specific for the paddle-wheel mechanism. By the molecular dynamics study by Ferrario, Klein and McDonald it has become possible to identify separately the contributions from centre-of-mass displacements and rotations of the sulphate group. Information in this direction has also been obtained recently by Karlsson and McGreevy in a neutron powder diffraction study where the reverse Monte Carlo method is used for modelling the data. The latter authors have modified the terminology slightly, which causes confusion regarding the meaning of the term "paddle-wheel mechanism". The "paddle-wheel" enhances not only bulk migration but also migration along interfaces and surfaces. The mobility can also be increased for monovalent anions present. Some examples are given of other types of mobility enhancements which also are due to libration or rotation of polyatomic anions.

scholarly journals Is Front Crawl Swimming Performance Affected By Hydrodynamic Drag In Young Swimmers?

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 690
Author(s):  
António J. Silva ◽  
Mário C. Marques ◽  
Nuno Garrido ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
Mário J. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Front Crawl

Performance of Young Male Swimmers in the 100-Meters Front Crawl

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício de Mello Vitor ◽  
Maria Tereza Silveira Böhme
Keyword(s):  
Critical Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Technical Factors ◽  
Swimming Technique

Youth swimming performance may be influenced by anthropometric, physiology and technical factors. The present paper examined the role of these factors in performance of 100m freestyle in swimmers 12–14 years of age (n = 24). Multiple regression analysis (forward method) was used to examine the variance of the 100 meters front crawl. Anaerobic power, swimming index and critical speed explained 88% (p < .05) of the variance in the average speed of 100 meters front crawl among young male pubertal swimmers. To conclude, performance of young swimmers in the 100 meters front crawl is determined predominantly by physiological factors and swimming technique.

Propelling efficiency of front-crawl swimming

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 2506-2512 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Toussaint ◽  
A. Beelen ◽  
A. Rodenburg ◽  
A. J. Sargeant ◽  
G. de Groot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Propelling Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

In this study the propelling efficiency (ep) of front-crawl swimming, by use of the arms only, was calculated in four subjects. This is the ratio of the power used to overcome drag (Pd) to the total mechanical power (Po) produced including power wasted in changing the kinetic energy of masses of water (Pk). By the use of an extended version of the system to measure active drag (MAD system), Pd was measured directly. Simultaneous measurement of O2 uptake (VO2) enabled the establishment of the relationship between the rate of the energy expenditure (PVO2) and Po (since when swimming on the MAD system Po = Pd). These individual relationships describing the mechanical efficiency (8-12%) were then used to estimate Po in free swimming from measurements of VO2. Because Pd was directly measured at each velocity studied by use of the MAD system, ep could be calculated according to the equation ep = Pd/(Pd + Pk) = Pd/Po. For the four top class swimmers studied, ep was found to range from 46 to 77%. Total efficiency, defined as the product of mechanical and propelling efficiency, ranged from 5 to 8%.

Simulated front crawl swimming performance related to critical speed and critical power

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUUB M. TOUSSAINT ◽  
KOHJI WAKAYOSHI ◽  
A. PETER HOLLANDER ◽  
FUTOSHI OGITA
Keyword(s):  
Critical Speed ◽  
Critical Power ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Front Crawl

Theoretical Model of Metal V-Belt Drives During Rapid Ratio Changing

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Carbone ◽  
L. Mangialardi ◽  
G. Mantriota
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Continuously Variable Transmission ◽  
Transient Condition ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Dynamical Response ◽  
Rapid Variation ◽  
Axial Thrust ◽  
Belt Drives ◽  
Ratio Speed ◽  
Variable Transmission

Today the use of metal V-belt (MVB) on C.V.T. (continuously variable transmission) based systems is the rule in automotive applications. The great advantage of this kind of belt is the capability to resist the moving half-pulley’s high axial thrust necessary to transmit the large torque involved. This paper suggest a theoretical model of belt’s behavior during rapid ratio speed changes with the aim to represent the dynamical response of the system during the transient condition. The paper proposes a relation which correlates some easily measurable macroscopic quantities: axial thrust, torque transmitted and belt’s tensions on the slack and tight side. The metal V-belt consists of wedge-shaped plates that are supported by a flexible band, of which there are two types: the metal V-belt without clearance and the metal V-belt with clearance between plates. Our investigation is carried out for the first type of belt and under the hypothesis that there is a rapid variation of speed ratio. The result, that has been reached, allows to predict the behavior of the system and simplifies the planning of continuously variable transmission with metal V-belt.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Sadowski ◽  
Andrzej Mastalerz ◽  
Wilhelm Gromisz ◽  
Tomasz Niźnikowski
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
And Training

Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the dry-land power training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in youth swimmers. Twenty six male swimmers, free from injuries and training regularly at least 6 times a week, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (n=14, mean age 14.0 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.67±0.08 m and mean body mass 55.71 ±9.55 kg) and control (n=12, mean age 14.1 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.61±0.11 m and mean body mass 49.07 ±8.25 kg). The experimental group took part in a combined swimming and dry-land power training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The training programmes in water included a dominant aerobic work in front crawl. In this research the experimental group tended to present slightly greater improvements in sprint performance. However, the stroke frequency insignificantly decreased (-4.30%, p>0.05) in the experimental group and increased (6.28%, p>0.05) in the control group. The distance per stroke insignificantly increased in the experimental group (5.98%, p>0.05) and insignificantly decreased in the control group (-5.36%, p>0.05). A significant improvement of tethered swimming force for the experimental group (9.64%, p<0.02) was found, whereas the increase was not statistically significant in the control group (2.86%, p>0.05). The main data cannot clearly state that power training allowed an enhancement in swimming performance, although a tendency to improve swimming performance in tethered swimming was noticed.

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