Si(Li) detector for microanalysis cooled by thermoelectric device

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1736-1737
Author(s):  
Shaul Barkan
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Thermoelectric Device ◽  
Peltier Cooler ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
The Common

Cooling down solid state detecors, with other different way then liquid Nitrogen, is a goal of many vendors and customers since the invention of these detectors. THe disadvantage of the common way of liquid Nitrogen is first the inavailibility of the LN in many uses (like space military and any other applications that are not done inside a well organize Laboratory). The use of LN also considers as a Labor consumer in addition to the big dewar that has to be added to any detector for storing the LN, the boiling of the LN, may cause microphonics problesm and the refiling of the dewar in many Labs is a complicated process due to inconvenience location of the microscope.In this paper I will show a spectra result of 10mm2 SiLi detector for microanalysis use, cooled by peltier cooler. The peltier cooler has the advantage of non-microphonics and non-labor needed (like adding LN to the dewar).

Unprecedented Performance Improvement For Thermoelectrically Cooled Si(Li) Detector for EDS

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 198-199
Author(s):  
S. Barkan ◽  
K. F. Ihrig ◽  
M. B. Abott
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Thermoelectric Device ◽  
Thermal Excitation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cooling Method

High performance Si(Li) detectors for EDS applications must be cooled in order to eliminate excess leakage current and to reduce noise as a result of thermal excitation. The most common cooling method is the use of liquid nitrogen (LN), which has been commonly used during the last four decades. The LN method is relatively simple, however, it has some disadvantages such as: requiring a large dewar for storing the LN, the necessity of refilling it with LN, as well as some hazardous handling issues.Several years ago, Kevex introduced a new no-LN x-ray detector, the SuperDry, offering the customer a solution to the previously mentioned cooling problems. The SuperDry uses a thermoelectric device, a Peltier solid-state refrigerator, without any moving parts. The SuperDry covers all the disadvantages of the LN method, however, the temperature achieved has not reached the same low level as the LN products.

MODELING THE EFFECT OF HEAT EXCHANGE ON THE EFFICIENCY OF A THERMOELECTRIC COOLER

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
O.I. MARKOV
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Thermoelectric Cooler ◽  
Maximum Temperature Difference ◽  
Peltier Cooler ◽  
Account Heat

Numerical modelling thermal and thermoelectric processes in a branch of solid–state thermoelectric of Peltier cooler is performed, taking into account heat exchange by convection and radiation. The numerical calculation of the branch was carried out in the mode of the maximum temperature difference.

scholarly journals Numerical–Experimental Performance Assessment of a Non-Concentrating Solar Thermoelectric Generator (STEG) Operating in the Southern Hemisphere

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Calderón-Henao ◽  
Osvaldo José Venturini ◽  
Emerson Henrique Medina Franco ◽  
Electo Eduardo Silva Lora ◽  
Helton Fernando Scherer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Thermoelectric Device ◽  
Efficiency Gain ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Solar Thermoelectric Generator ◽  
Time Of Year

This study assesses the performance of a solid-state semiconductor-based hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric device that aims to harness both solar irradiance and heat dissipated from photovoltaic cells operating in Foz do Iguaçu city. Initially, the technologies involved, and the arrangement of the proposed device are presented; the modeling process of the generator operation under local operating conditions and taking into account solar energy availability is described later. The thermal energy harvesting brings out an average annual efficiency gain of 4.42% and a maximum efficiency increase of 6.05% (in the fall equinox) compared to standalone PV cell operation. The power output increase due to the utilization of the heat dissipated by the PV cells was substantial, reaching values ranging from 14.82% to 40.54%, depending on the time of year. The novelty of this research stems from the field power generation forecast, in southern hemisphere, for a new STEG device that combines photovoltaic cells and solid-state thermoelectric modules.

Upper Limitation to the Performance of Single-Barrier Thermionic Emission Cooling

2000 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D. Ulrich ◽  
Peter A. Barnes ◽  
Cronin B. Vining
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Energy Band ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Thermionic Emission ◽  
Conduction Band Edge ◽  
Thermoelectric Device ◽  
Band Offset ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Energy Band Offset

ABSTRACTWe have re-examined solid-state thermionic emission cooling from first principles and report two key results. First, electrical and heat currents over a semiconductor – semiconductor thermionic barrier are determined by the chemical potential measured from the conduction band edge, not the energy band offset between the two materials as is sometimes assumed. Second, we show the upper limit to the performance of thermionic emission cooling is equivalent to the performance of an optimized thermoelectric device made from the same material. An overview of this theory will be presented and instrumentation being developed to experimentally verify the theory will be discussed.

Infrared Spectra of the Alkali Metal Cyanides in the Solid State

1973 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakya K. Ismail ◽  
Robert H. Hauge ◽  
John L. Margrave
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Metal Cyanides ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The infrared spectra of lithium isocyanide and of sodium and potassium cyanides in the solid phase were examined over the range 4000 to 140 cm−1 at room temperature. A study of the effect of cooling the solids to liquid nitrogen temperature has been carried out.

Tailoring the substituted position for high-efficiency charge transport ability and strong blue solid-state emission in naphthalene derivative

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Li ◽  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Xixia Yu ◽  
Shuyu Li ◽  
Si Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Charge Transport ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Naphthalene Derivative ◽  
The Common

Herein, a novel organic material with high-efficiency charge transport ability and strong blue solid-state emission, referred to 1,5-di(anthracen-2-yl)naphthalene was designed and synthesized. Different from the common 2,6-position substituted molecules with...

scholarly journals Synthesis and crystal structure of two new phosphates with Alluaudite type structure: (M, Mn)3Fe(PO4)3 (M= Ca, Cd)

2018 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 01084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghaleb Alhakmi ◽  
Abderrazzak Assani ◽  
Mohamed Saadi ◽  
Lahcen El Ammari
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Type Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Monoclinic System ◽  
Synthesis And Crystal Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Open Framework ◽  
Bivalent Cations ◽  
The Common

Two new phosphates with alluaudite type structure (M, Mn)3Fe(PO4)3 (M= Ca, Cd), namely Ca1.54Mn1.46Fe(PO4)3 and Cd0.66Mn2.34Fe(PO4)3, has been synthesized by a solid state reaction and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The two compounds crystallize in the monoclinic system with C2/c space group. Their open framework results from (Fe1/Mn1)2O10 units of edge-sharing (Fe/Mn)O6 octahedra, which alternate with M(1)O6 octahedra (M(1)=Ca1/Mn2 or Cd1/Mn2) that form infinite chains running along [10-1] direction. These chains are linked together through the common corners of PO4 tetrahedra giving rise to two types of tunnels occupied by bivalent cations Ca2+ or Cd2+ and Mn2+.

scholarly journals Biological features of common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
M. D. Omarov ◽  
Z. M. Omarova
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The article presents the results of long-term observations on the biology of common persimmon. Both positive and negative properties of this specie are given. Phenological indicators are provided: bud swelling, appearance of the first leaves, budding, flowering, fruit ripening. Diospyros virginiana L. is a hexaploid (2n = 90), however, it should be noted that along with the hexaploid race there is also a tetraploid one (2n = 60). Plants of this species are mainly dioecious, the flowers are bisexual. The flowering phase takes place in the first decade of June, which is one to two weeks later than that of the Eastern and Caucasian persimmons. The percentage of useful ovary is quite high and makes 27-29%. The fruit is smaller in size than the eastern persimmon, but three to four times larger than the Caucasian one. They have a spherical or conical shape, ranging in size from two to five cm in diameter. In a solid state, the fruits are very tart, but ripe fruits are very sweet, the sugar content reaches 20%. The ripening period is one and a half months. The number of seeds in the fruits is three to five pieces, they are larger in comparison with the seeds of the Caucasian persimmon. Diospyros virginiana L. is mainly found in the wild in the USA, where it is used as a rootstock on heavy, swampy soils for cultivated varieties of eastern persimmon, as it easily tolerates the proximity of groundwater, temporary flooding and river floods. In the Russian Federation, it is practically not used, since it is inferior in yield to plants grafted on Caucasian persimmon and forms a lot of growth. A great advantage of the common persimmon is its winter hardiness, it is much higher than that of cultivated varieties. It tolerates a drop in temperature to minus 25–280 С without any damage. In breeding, it is used to obtain varieties with high frost resistance to expand the cultivation area and move to more northern regions.

Review on Manufacturing of Metal Foams

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Koon Tatt Tan
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Liquid Metals ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Metal Foams ◽  
Polymer Precursor ◽  
The Common ◽  
Metal Properties ◽  
State Processing

Metal foams possess excellent physical and mechanical properties. This paper reviews the common manufacturing process of metal foams. Various ways used to produce metal foams based on metal properties are described. The manufacturing process follows four primary routes: liquid state, solid state, ion or vapour processing. Liquid-state processing produces porosity to liquid or semi-liquid metals, and solid-state foaming produces metal foams with metal powder as starting material. For ion and vapour processing methods, metals are electro-deposited onto a polymer precursor. The polymer precursor is removed by chemical or heat treatment to produce metal foams. The advantages and limitations of each manufacturing process are also described.

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDIES OF THE RADIATION-INDUCED ADDITION OF HBr TO C2H4 IN THE SOLID STATE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Mitchell ◽  
B. C. Green ◽  
J. W. T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Reaction Intermediates ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Solid Mixture ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Radiation Induced

Electron spin resonance measurements at 77 °K have been used to study the hydrobromination of ethylene induced by γ irradiation of the solid mixture at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The evidence resulting from these studies has given valuable information regarding the reaction intermediates and has been used in formulating a likely reaction mechanism.

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