X-ray Diffraction Studies on Supercooled Aqueous Lithium Bromide and Lithium Iodide Solutions

1997 ◽  
Vol 52 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Takamuku ◽  
Motoyuki Yamagami ◽  
Hisanobu Wakita ◽  
Toshio Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Hydration Shell ◽  
Lithium Bromide ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Halide Ions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydration Shells ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Aqueous Lithium Bromide

Abstract X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on liquid LiBr • 5H2O and Lil • 5H2O at temperatures from -30 to 25 °C. The total radial distribution functions did show that on supercooling the hydration shell of the halide ions becomes more structured, while that of the lithium ions becomes distorted. The larger the halide ion, the stronger becomes the water-water interaction around halide ions with lowering temperature. However, the distance between the water molecules in the hydration shells of the halide ions depends little on their size. On the basis of the present results, together with those of our previous investigation on LiCl • 5H2O at temperatures from - 135 to 100°C, the effects of temperature and the size of the halide ions on the structure of the solution are discussed.

X-ray Diffraction Study of Aqueous Solutions of ZnSO4

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1205-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Licheri ◽  
G. Paschina ◽  
G. Piccaluga ◽  
G. Pinna
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Correlation Functions ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Hydration Shell ◽  
Concentration Effect ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydration Shells

Five aqueous solutions of ZnSO4 of concentrations ranging from 0.6M to 3.1 M were examined by X-ray diffraction. In the correlation functions no concentration effect on structural phenomena is detectable. The same model was then successfuly used for all cases, attributing two hydration shells to Zn2+ and one hydration shell to SO42+ . The reliability of the structural parameters obtained is discussed.

Mechanical Spectroscopy Investigation of Liquid Pb-Bi Alloys

2012 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 434-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Montanari ◽  
Alessandra Varone
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Functions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanical Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Neutron Spallation Source ◽  
Driven System ◽  
Spallation Source ◽  
Accelerator Driven System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Liquid Pb–Bi eutectic alloy has been selected as coolant and neutron spallation source for the development of MYRRHA, an accelerator driven system. The alloy has been characterized in liquid state from melting (125 °C) to 650 °C by mechanical spectroscopy. Experiments have been carried out using hollow reeds of austenitic stainless steel filled with the Pb-Bi alloy and sealed at the extremities. From 350 °C to 520 °C modulus shows a remarkable drop accompanied by a broad internal friction maximum. In the same temperature range radial distribution functions, determined from X-ray diffraction patterns, evidenced variations of the mean distance between the 1st nearest neighbour atoms. The anelastic phenomena have been attributed to a structural re-arrangement of liquid metal. For comparison, other alloys of the Pb-Bi system with hypo-eutectic composition have been investigated.

Textures Applied to Mechanical Processing Technology Assessment in Ancient Bronze

2005 ◽  
Vol 495-497 ◽  
pp. 719-724
Author(s):  
R.E. Bolmaro ◽  
B. Molinas ◽  
E. Sentimenti ◽  
A.L. Fourty
Keyword(s):  
Orientation Distribution ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Microscopic Inspection

Some ancient metallic art craft, utensils, silverware and weapons are externally undistinguishable from modern ones. Not only the general aspect and shape but also some uses have not changed through the ages. Moreover, when just some small pieces can be recovered from archaeological sites, the samples can not easily be ascribed to any known use and consequently identified. It is clear that mechanical processing has changed along history but frequently only a "microscopic" inspection can distinguish among different techniques. Some bronze samples have been collected from the Quarto d’Altino (Veneto) archaeological area in Italy (paleovenetian culture) and some model samples have been prepared by a modern artisan. The sample textures have been measured by X-ray Diffraction techniques. (111), (200) and (220) pole figures were used to calculate Orientation Distribution Functions and further recalculate pole figures and inverse pole figures. The results were compared with modern forging technology results. Textures are able to discern between hammering ancient techniques for sheet production and modern industrial rolling procedures. However, as it is demonstrated in the present work, forgery becomes difficult to detect if the goldsmith, properly warned, proceeds to erase the texture history with some hammering post-processing. The results of this contribution can offer to the archaeologists the opportunity to take into consideration the texture techniques in order to discuss the origin (culture) of the pieces and the characteristic mechanical process developed by the ancient artisan. Texture can also help the experts when discussing the originality of a certain piece keeping however in mind the cautions indicated in this publication.

Optical and Structural Properties of α-Si1-xCx Films

1996 ◽  
Vol 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhizhong Chen ◽  
Kai Yang ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Hongtao Shi ◽  
Youdou Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Radial Distribution ◽  
Optical Constants ◽  
State Density ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Energy Band Gap ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Optical Energy Band Gap ◽  
Atomic Radial Distribution

AbstractIn this paper, we reported experimental results about optical and structural properties of amorphous silicon carbide (α-Si1-xCx). The films of a-Si1-xCx) were grown by CVD on substrate of quartz glass. Optical constants (n-refractive index, a-absorption coefficient, Eg-optical energy band gap) of these films were determined by transmission spectra. The radial distribution functions (RDFs) of α- Sil−xCx) films were drawn out from the data of x-ray diffraction spectra. According to the RDFs, we imagined the statistic scene from which we could obtain the information of atomic radial distribution. The bond lengths and bond numbers of Si-Si, Si-C, and C-C could be also determined by RDFs. From the analysis of Raman spectra, we obtained the information of their vibration state density, and discerned the peaks of bond vibration, which agreed well with the results of α-Si1-xCx) RDF.

scholarly journals Synergetic Effects of Temperature and Perpendicular Magnetic Field on Zn-Ni Alloy Electrodepositing Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2839-2844
Author(s):  
N. Benachour ◽  
S. Chouchane ◽  
J.P. Chopart
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Alloys ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Acid Bath ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
Adsorbed Intermediate ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Steel Substrates

The zinc-nickel alloys were electrodeposited on stainless steel substrates during a chloride acid bath. The electroplating processes were investigated under a moderate perpendicular magnetic flux at uncommon temperatures. The coatings obtained were characterized by scanning microscopy (SEM) including EDX and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Chronopotentiometric curves were additionally implemented for electrochemical analysis. Structural analysis revealed that the obtained alloys consisted of a mix of the homogeneous phase γ-Ni3Zn22 and α-Zn-Ni at 70 ºC. The alloys variations observed within the chemical composition, crystallographic phases and morphology of the alloys. It is often explained particularly, by the progressive hydrogen reaction and therefore the evolution of the adsorbed intermediate species. The synergetic effect was significant at 70 ºC within the 1T field, including the appearance of normal co-deposition.

Synthesis and coordination chemistry of silver(I), gold(I) and gold(III) complexes with picoline-functionalized benzimidazolin-2-ylidene ligands

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike C. Jahnke ◽  
F. Ekkehardt Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Coordination Chemistry ◽  
Silver Oxide ◽  
Lithium Bromide ◽  
Metal Center ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Transfer Reactions ◽  
Silver Complexes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Halide Exchange

Abstract The reactions of N-alkyl-N′-picolyl-benzimidazolium bromides or N,N′-dipicolyl-benzimidazolium bromide with silver oxide yielded the silver dicarbene complexes of the type [Ag(NHC)2][AgBr2] 1–4 (NHC = picoline-functionalized benzimidazolin-2-ylidene). The silver complexes 1–4 have been used in carbene transfer reactions to yield the gold(I) complexes of the type [AuCl(NHC)] 5–8 in good yields. A halide exchange at the metal center of complexes 5–8 with lithium bromide yielded the gold bromide complexes 9–12. Finally, the oxidation of the gold(I) centers in complexes 9–12 with elemental bromine gave the gold(III) complexes of the type [AuBr3(NHC)] 13–16. Molecular structures of selected Au(I) and Au(III) complexes have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies.

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