Inhibition of Photosystem II-Reactions in Blue-Green Algae by the Antisera to Lutein and Neoxanthin

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg H. Schmid ◽  
Helga List ◽  
Alfons Radunz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Oscillatoria Chalybea ◽  
Electron Donation ◽  
Tetramethyl Benzidine

An antiserum to lutein agglutinates thylakoids of Nostoc muscorum and Oscillatoria chalybea. From this it follows that lutein is located in the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane of these blue-green algae. The same result is obtained for an antiserum to neoxanthin. As neoxanthin is supposed not to occur in blue-green algae it follows that in this case the antibody action should be directed towards a carotenoid with allenic structure. The antisera to lutein and neoxanthin inhibit in both investigated algal species photosynthetic electron transport on the oxygen-evolving side of photosystem II. Moreover, the inhibition sites of both antisera are identical in Nostoc muscorum and are located between the sites of electron donation of the artificial electron donors tetramethyl benzidene and diphenylcarbazide. In the case of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea the inhibition sites of both antisera differ. Whereas the inhibition site of the antiserum to neoxanthin lies again between the sites of electron donation of tetramethyl benzidine and di­phenylcarbazide, the inhibition site of the antiserum to lutein appears to be situated at least partially beyond the site of electron donation of tetramethyl benzidine. The degree of inhibition of electron transport reactions with Nostoc muscorum is for both antisera 50 - 60 per cent and is pH-dependent. The pH-optimum lies at pH 7.2 for the antiserum to neoxanthin and at 7.8 for the antiserum to lutein. In comparison to this data the same antisera inhibit electron transport in chloroplasts from higher plants only by 20%. This low degree of inhibition in higher plants is apparently due to the fact that the surfaces of the thylakoids are not accessible to antibodies within the grana. In contrast to this the thylakoid surfaces of blue-green algae are fully accessible because the thylakoids are unstacked. The thylakoids of Oscillatoria chalybea have the tendency towards aggregation. Therefore, the results concerning the accessibility of the carotenoids to antibodies are not so clear cut as with Nostoc muscorum.

Inhibition of Photosynthetic Electron Transport in Tobacco Chloroplasts and Thylakoids of the Blue Green Alga Oscillatoria chalybea by an Antiserum to Synthetic Zeaxanthin

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1218-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Lehmann-Kirk ◽  
Klaus P. Bader ◽  
Georg H. Schmid ◽  
Alfons Radunz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Blue Green Alga ◽  
Diphenyl Carbazide ◽  
Oscillatoria Chalybea ◽  
Oxygen Evolving ◽  
Electron Donation ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Tetramethyl Benzidine

An antiserum to synthetic Zeaxanthin inhibits photosynthetic electron transport on the oxygen-evolving side of photosystem II in tobacco chloroplasts and thylakoids of the filamentous blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea. The inhibition site lies for both species between the site of electron donation of water or tetramethyl benzidine and that of diphenyl carbazide or manganese II ions. Typical photosystem I reactions are not impaired by the antiserum. The effect of the antiserum concerning the inhibition site is practically identical to that of the earlier described antiserum to violaxanthin. However, the degree of inhibition seems to be generally somewhat lower with the antiserum to Zeaxanthin, than with that to violaxanthin which hints at a lesser accessibility of zeaxanthin, in the tylakoid membrane in comparison to violaxanthin. In the course of these investigations new evidence was obtained that the oxygen-evolving side of the electron transport scheme is differently organized in Oscillatoria chalybea when compared to tobacco chloroplasts. Thus, the silicomolybdate reduction with water as the electron donor is sen­sitive to DCMU in these algae.

Chelating agents and blue-green algae

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1311-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Lange
Keyword(s):  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Anacystis Nidulans ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Anabaena Circinalis

Many planktonic blue-green algae produce natural chelators which enable them to grow at high pH's in the absence of artificial chelators. The growth of 10 cyanophytes without an added chelator was found to differ widely with the algal species. Bacteria-containing cultures of Anabaena cylindrica, Anacystis nidulans, Lyngbya sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, Nostoc muscorum, and Phormidium foveolarum produced their own chelators and grew just as well as the controls with artificial chelating agents. Bacteria-containing cultures of Anabaena circinalis, Gloeotrichia echinulata, Oscillatoria rubescens, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae did not produce chelators and, in the absence of artificial agents, grew poorly or perished early. The alga-produced, extracellular chelators were water-soluble and capable of chelating and controlling metal compounds that would exist in colloidal form at pH's above 7. Accordingly, in the absence of artificial chelators, the non-chelator-forming species grew in the filtrates of the chelator-forming algae the same as in the presence of artificial agents. Bacteria were not involved in the formation of natural chelators, since axenic cultures of Anabaena circinalis, Anacystis nidulans, Microcystis aeruginosa, Nostoc muscorum, and Phormidium foveolarum in the absence of artificial chelators performed about the same as the bacteria-associated species. Also, the filtrates of axenic, chelator-forming Anacystis cultures had the same growth-stimulating effect on non-chelator-forming species as filtrates from bacteria-associated cultures. The natural chelators showed partial thermolability.While the growth of chelator-forming species in the absence of artificial chelators was normal during the logarithmic phase, a peculiar, continuing production of total organic matter was observed with strongly declining cell numbers of Lyngbya, Microcystis, and Phormidium. The terminal cultures of these species were gelatinous, owing to the presence of extracellular matter, probably consisting of polysaccharides.

Interaction of Photosynthetic and Respiratory Electron Transport in Blue-Green Algae: Effect of a Cytochrome c-553 Specific Antibody

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Alpes ◽  
Erwin Stürzl ◽  
Siegfried Scherer ◽  
Peter Böger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Respiratory Electron Transport

An antibody prepared against purified cytochrome c-553 from Nostoc muscorum inhibits the redox function of cytochrome c-553 as checked by a diaphorase assay. 20 to 30% inhibition of NADPH-driven respiratory and light-induced oxygen uptake by Nostoc thylakoids is observed when cytochrome c-553 specific antibodies were applied. However, only 30 to 50% of the total cytochrome c-553 content is released from isolated membrane material, thus being accessible to antibodies. Supplementing the isolated membrane material with excess Nostoc cytochrome before adding the antibody abolishes inhibition. The data provide further evidence for soluble cytochrome c-553 being a link between photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport in blue- green algae.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic electron transport in thylakoid preparations from two marine red algae (Rhodophyta)

1983 ◽  
Vol 210 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
A C Stewart ◽  
A W D Larkum
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
O2 Evolution ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
High Concentrations

Thylakoid membrane preparations active in photosynthetic electron transport have been obtained from two marine red algae, Griffithsia monilis and Anotrichium tenue. High concentrations (0.5-1.0 M) of salts such as phosphate, citrate, succinate and tartrate stabilized functional binding of phycobilisomes to the membrane and also stabilized Photosystem II-catalysed electron-transport activity. High concentrations (1.0 M) of chloride and nitrate, or 30 mM-Tricine/NaOH buffer (pH 7.2) in the absence of salts, detached phycobilisomes and inhibited electron transport through Photosystem II. The O2-evolving system was identified as the electron-transport chain component that was inhibited under these conditions. Washing membranes with buffers containing 1.0-1.5 M-sorbitol and 5-50 mM concentrations of various salts removed the outer part of the phycobilisome but retained 30-70% of the allophycocyanin ‘core’ of the phycobilisome. These preparations were 30-70% active in O2 evolution compared with unwashed membranes. In the sensitivity of their O2-evolving apparatus to the composition of the medium in vitro, the red algae resembled blue-green algae and differed from other eukaryotic algae and higher plants. It is suggested that an environment of structured water may be essential for the functional integrity of Photosystem II in biliprotein-containing algae.

Effects of aerobic and anaerobic conditions on growth and metabolism of blue-green algae

1970 ◽  
Vol 175 (1040) ◽  
pp. 293-311 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Acetylene Reduction ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Ph Range

The blue-green algae Anabaena flos-aquae and Nostoc muscorum may reduce acetylene to ethylene most actively at p O 2 levels below 0.2 atm. High p O 2 levels inhibit acetylene reduction, nitrogen fixation, respiration and 14 CO 2 fixation in A . flos-aquae . The effect is not solely via an inhibition of nitrogenase activity because inhibition of 14 CO 2 fixation by a species of Phormidium which does not fix nitrogen, and by A . flos-aquae grown on combined nitrogen also occurs. The inhibition of acetylene reduction in Anabaena is reversible in short-term experiments, the rate of recovery being rather similar irrespective of the p O 2 level to which the alga was subjected initially. 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) at a concentration of 3 x 10 -5 M, which completely inhibits oxygen evolution and acetylene reduction but not respiration by aerobically grown Anabaena cultures also inhibits acetylene reduction in Na 2 S-grown cultures. Salicylaldoxime at a concentration of 10 -4 M which partially inhibits electron flow from photosystem II inhibits acetylene reduction to a greater extent under aerobic conditions than in the presence of Na 2 S. The presence of Na 2 S also results in the removal of free oxygen from the medium in the pH range at which Anabaena normally grows. The data suggest that under our conditions (1) the photolysis of water, or photosystem II is essential for the growth of A. flos-aquae in the presence of H 2 S ; (2) H 2 S may provide electrons when reducing power from the photolysis of water is reduced but not inhibited completely; (3) H 2 S prevents an accumulation of oxygen in the medium during photosynthesis. These physiological findings from the laboratory may help to explain why blue-green algae live not only in aerobic environments but also in habitats where reducing conditions may prevail.

scholarly journals Capillary Electrophoresis Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphisms as a Method to Differentiate Algal Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Jernigan ◽  
Christa Hestekin
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Single Strand ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Potential Shifts

Capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP) was explored as a fast and inexpensive method to differentiate both prokaryotic (blue-green) and eukaryotic (green and brown) algae. A selection of two blue-green algae (Nostoc muscorumandAnabaena inaequalis), five green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Oedogonium foveolatum, Mougeotiasp.,Scenedesmus quadricauda, andUlothrix fimbriata), and one brown algae (Ectocarpussp.) were examined and CE-SSCP electropherogram “fingerprints” were compared to each other for two variable regions of either the 16S or 18S rDNA gene. The electropherogram patterns were remarkably stable and consistent for each particular species. The patterns were unique to each species, although some common features were observed between the different types of algae. CE-SSCP could be a useful method for monitoring changes in an algae species over time as potential shifts in species occurred.

Creativity Thinks on the Significances of Geobiology about the Coal Series

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Shuo Fu Tian ◽  
Chao Jin Lu ◽  
Yuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Coal Petrology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Plants

It is the components, living things evolution processes, development environments, distribution layers and the earliest time for coal series formation that are investigated and studied in detail based on the author’s graduation thesis, the “Geobiology” , the “China coal petrology” and the other’s some references in this paper. And it is considered that mainly two types of the Coal Series might be distinguish in the geologic history in China, respectively consisted of the lower organisms (especially the lower plants, blue-green algae) and higher organisms (especially the higher plants, pteridophyta, gymnosperms, Anthophyta). Meanwhile, the conclusions can be drawn that the development of the organisms is not only controlled by the environments, on the other hand, the environments and their sediments are also affected by the ecologies of the organisms. So the coal bed or coal series can be used as the marks of the environment explanation, perhaps having some Significances of Geobiology. In additional, the relationship with an unconformity or disconformity is discussed here, too.

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