Aerobic Conditioning Might Protect Against Liver and Muscle Injury Caused by Short-Term Military Training

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josely C. Koury ◽  
Julio B. Daleprane ◽  
Mario V. Pitaluga-Filho ◽  
Cyntia F. de Oliveira ◽  
Mariana C. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aerobic Conditioning

scholarly journals Recovery of Endocrine and Inflammatory Mediators Following an Extended Energy Deficit

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 956-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Henning ◽  
Dennis E. Scofield ◽  
Barry A. Spiering ◽  
Jeffery S. Staab ◽  
Ronald W. Matheny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Anthropometric Measures

Context: Due to current operational requirements, elite soldiers deploy quickly after completing arduous training courses. Therefore, it is imperative that endocrine and inflammatory mediators have fully recovered. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether a short-term (2–6 wk) recovery period was sufficient to restore endocrine and inflammatory homeostasis after sustained energy deficit. Design: Before and immediately after the course, serum concentrations of inflammatory and endocrine markers were taken along with anthropometric measures prior to and immediately after the Army Ranger course. In addition, nine soldiers were assessed between 2 and 6 weeks after the course. Setting: This research occurred in a field setting during an intensive 8-week military training course characterized by high-energy expenditure, energy restriction, and sleep deprivation (U.S. Army Ranger School). Participants: Twenty-three male soldiers (23.0 ± 2.8 y; 177.6 ± 7.9 cm; 81.0 ± 9.6 kg, 16.8 ± 3.9% body fat) participated in this study. Interventions: There were no interventions used in this research. Outcome Measures and Results: Significant changes occurred in circulating total testosterone (−70%), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (−33%), total IGF-1 (−38.7%), free IGF-1 (−41%), IGF binding protein (IGFBP-6; −23.4%), sex-hormone binding globulin (+46%), thyroid stimulating hormone (+85%), IGFBP-1 (+534.4%), IGFBP-2 (+98.3%), IGFBP-3 (+14.7%), IL-4 (+135%), IL-6 (+217%), and IL-8 (+101%). Significant changes in body mass (−8%), bicep (−14%), forearm (−5%), thigh (−7%), and calf (−2%) circumferences, sum of skinfolds (−52%), and percentage body fat (−54%). All anthropometric, inflammatory, and hormonal values, except T3, were restored to baseline levels within 2–6 weeks after the course. Conclusions: Endocrine markers and anthropometric measures were degraded, and inflammatory mediators increased after an extended energy deficit. A short-term recovery of 2–6 weeks was sufficient to restore these mediators.

Trends in Commercial Training

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-440
Author(s):  
Robert D. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Marine Corps ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Commercial Sources

A joint Navy and Marine Corps study examined the possibility of achieving training cost reductions with no degradation to training effectiveness through utilization of commercial sponsored training. The study identified management trends, innovations in training technology and cost data of thirty corporations and over seventy-five non-federal post-secondary schools. The latter included area vocational schools and junior/community colleges. The study was limited to entry skills in the Navy and Marine Corps that are comparable to skills taught by civilian sources. An analysis was performed to determine the economic feasibility of utilizing commercial sources for military training. Potential alternatives were evaluated in terms of relatively long-term commitments vs short-term commitments. Short-term commitments focus on the utilization of existing excess capacity and often this capacity can be utilized for military training at relatively nominal cost. A great deal of capacity which is of a transitory nature was found in a number of facilities and the potential appears to exist for significant savings in a number of skill areas. The study found that in the past decade, large corporations' training trends include: (1) centralized management; (2) centralized course development; (3) centralized training facilities; (4) compression of training time to meet terminal objectives; (5) cost effective training programs; and (6) application of innovations in training technology. The study further found that non-federal post-secondary schools are: (1) designing programs to meet specific skills required by industry; (2) providing students modern facilities; (3) applying new training technology; and (4) responding to pipeline training requirements. Based on recommendations, the concept of using commercial sources for select entry skill training is now being implemented on a limited scale by various components of the Armed Forces.

Inflammation And Hepcidin Responses To Nutritional Supplementation During Load Carriage And Short-term Military Training

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Stefan M. Pasiakos ◽  
Lee M. Margolis ◽  
Nancy E. Murphy ◽  
Holly L. McClung ◽  
Svein Martini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Military Training ◽  
Nutritional Supplementation ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Short Term

scholarly journals Muscle injury rate in professional football is higher in matches played within 5 days since the previous match: a 14-year prospective study with more than 130 000 match observations

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (17) ◽  
pp. 1116-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkan Bengtsson ◽  
Jan Ekstrand ◽  
Markus Waldén ◽  
Martin Hägglund
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Reference Category ◽  
Individual Player

BackgroundThe association between match congestion and injury rates in professional football has yielded conflicting results.AimTo analyse associations between match congestion on an individual player level and injury rates during professional football matches.MethodsData from a prospective cohort study of professional football with 133 170 match observations were analysed with Poisson regressions. Associations between short-term match congestion, defined as number of days between two match exposures (≤3, 4, 5, 6 and 7–10 days) and injury rates were analysed. To analyse the influence of long-term match congestion, defined as individual match exposure hours in the 30 days preceding a match, observations were categorised into three groups (low, ≤4.5; medium, >4.5 to ≤7.5; and high, >7.5 hours).ResultsNo differences in total match injury rates were found between the reference category (≤3 days) and the other categories of short-term congestion. Muscle injury rates were significantly lower in matches preceded by 6 (rate ratio (RR) 0.79; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.95) or 7–10 days (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.93) compared with ≤3 days since the last match exposure. No differences in total and muscle injury rates between the three long-term match congestion groups were found.ConclusionsIn this study of male professional football players, there were no match congestion-related differences in total match injury rates, but muscle injury rates during matches were lower when players were given at least 6 days between their match exposures.

Short-term water-based aerobic training promotes improvements in aerobic conditioning parameters of mature women

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle Rocha Costa ◽  
Thais Reichert ◽  
Leandro Coconcelli ◽  
Nicole Monticelli Simmer ◽  
Natália Carvalho Bagatini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mature Women ◽  
Aerobic Conditioning ◽  
Water Based

scholarly journals Supplementing an energy adequate, higher protein diet with protein does not enhance fat-free mass restoration after short-term severe negative energy balance

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1485-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Berryman ◽  
J. J. Sepowitz ◽  
H. L. McClung ◽  
H. R. Lieberman ◽  
E. K. Farina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Net Protein

Negative energy balance during military operations can be severe and result in significant reductions in fat-free mass (FFM). Consuming supplemental high-quality protein following such military operations may accelerate restoration of FFM. Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and whole body protein turnover (single-pool [15N]alanine method) were determined before (PRE) and after 7 days (POST) of severe negative energy balance during military training in 63 male US Marines (means ± SD, 25 ± 3 yr, 84 ± 9 kg). After POST measures were collected, volunteers were randomized to receive higher protein (HIGH: 1,103 kcal/day, 133 g protein/day), moderate protein (MOD: 974 kcal/day, 84 g protein/day), or carbohydrate-based low protein control (CON: 1,042 kcal/day, 7 g protein/day) supplements, in addition to a self-selected, ad libitum diet, for the 27-day intervention (REFED). Measurements were repeated POST-REFED. POST total body mass (TBM; −5.8 ± 1.0 kg, −7.0%), FFM (−3.1 ± 1.6 kg, −4.7%), and net protein balance (−1.7 ± 1.1 g protein·kg−1·day−1) were lower and proteolysis (1.1 ± 1.9 g protein·kg−1·day−1) was higher compared with PRE ( P < 0.05). Self-selected, ad libitum dietary intake during REFED was similar between groups (3,507 ± 730 kcal/day, 2.0 ± 0.5 g protein·kg−1·day−1). However, diets differed by protein intake due to supplementation (CON: 2.0 ± 0.4, MOD: 3.2 ± 0.7, and HIGH: 3.5 ± 0.7 g·kg−1·day−1; P < 0.05) but not total energy (4,498 ± 725 kcal/day). All volunteers, independent of group assignment, achieved positive net protein balance (0.4 ± 1.0 g protein·kg−1·day−1) and gained TBM (5.9 ± 1.7 kg, 7.8%) and FFM (3.6 ± 1.8 kg, 5.7%) POST-REFED compared with POST ( P < 0.05). Supplementing ad libitum, energy-adequate, higher protein diets with additional protein may not be necessary to restore FFM after short-term severe negative energy balance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article demonstrates 1) the majority of physiological decrements incurred during military training (e.g., total and fat-free mass loss), with the exception of net protein balance, resolve and return to pretraining values after 27 days and 2) protein supplementation, in addition to an ad libitum, higher protein (~2.0 g·kg−1·day−1), energy adequate diet, is not necessary to restore fat-free mass following short-term severe negative energy balance.

Alterations in the morning plasma levels of hormones and the endocrine responses to bicycle exercise during prolonged strain. The significance of energy and sleep deprivation

1991 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per-Kristian Opstad
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Bicycle Exercise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physical Strain ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Catecholamine Response ◽  
Postexercise Recovery

Abstract. The relative significance of physical exercise, energy and sleep deprivation for the morning levels of hormones and the endocrine response to short-term bicycle exercise were investigated in 24 male cadets during a 5-day military training course. Significant increases in the morning levels of noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine, and a decrease in PRL were ascribed mainly to physical strain. Cortisol and hGH increased, whereas insulin and glucose decreased mainly due to energy deficiency. Pulse rate after the bicycle test was unchanged and similar in all groups in spite of increased catecholamine responses. The increased catecholamine response was mainly due to physical strain. The cortisol response to the bicycle test was increased in all groups, and energy deficiency caused slower postexercise recovery. The incremental hGH response to the exercise test was unchanged in the energy-deficient subjects but abolished in the wellfed subjects. The results suggest that the endocrine responses during long-lasting exhausting strain were mainly due to physical exertion and energy deficiency, whereas sleep deprivation did not play any major role.

Effects of winter military training on energy balance, whole-body protein balance, muscle damage, soreness, and physical performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1395-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee M. Margolis ◽  
Nancy E. Murphy ◽  
Svein Martini ◽  
Marissa G. Spitz ◽  
Ingjerd Thrane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
And Performance

Physiological consequences of winter military operations are not well described. This study examined Norwegian soldiers (n = 21 males) participating in a physically demanding winter training program to evaluate whether short-term military training alters energy and whole-body protein balance, muscle damage, soreness, and performance. Energy expenditure (D218O) and intake were measured daily, and postabsorptive whole-body protein turnover ([15N]-glycine), muscle damage, soreness, and performance (vertical jump) were assessed at baseline, following a 4-day, military task training phase (MTT) and after a 3-day, 54-km ski march (SKI). Energy intake (kcal·day−1) increased (P < 0.01) from (mean ± SD (95% confidence interval)) 3098 ± 236 (2985, 3212) during MTT to 3461 ± 586 (3178, 3743) during SKI, while protein (g·kg−1·day−1) intake remained constant (MTT, 1.59 ± 0.33 (1.51, 1.66); and SKI, 1.71 ± 0.55 (1.58, 1.85)). Energy expenditure increased (P < 0.05) during SKI (6851 ± 562 (6580, 7122)) compared with MTT (5480 ± 389 (5293, 5668)) and exceeded energy intake. Protein flux, synthesis, and breakdown were all increased (P < 0.05) 24%, 18%, and 27%, respectively, during SKI compared with baseline and MTT. Whole-body protein balance was lower (P < 0.05) during SKI (–1.41 ± 1.11 (–1.98, –0.84) g·kg−1·10 h) than MTT and baseline. Muscle damage and soreness increased and performance decreased progressively (P < 0.05). The physiological consequences observed during short-term winter military training provide the basis for future studies to evaluate nutritional strategies that attenuate protein loss and sustain performance during severe energy deficits.

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