Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise

Sarcopenia is one of the main issues associated with the process of aging. Characterized by muscle mass loss, it is triggered by several conditions, including sedentary habits and negative net protein balance. According to World Health Organization, it is expected a 38% increase in older individuals by 2025. Therefore, it is noteworthy to establish recommendations to prevent sarcopenia and several events and comorbidities associated with this health issue condition. In this review, we discuss the role of these factors, prevention strategies, and recommendations, with a focus on protein intake and exercise.

The effect of the substitution of grain components with a high proportion of bakery wastes on the Clarc of energy distribution and the Clarc of protein transformation in the eco-technical chain ‘fodder – layer’s eggs’

The including of 15 and 20% bread wastes in the combined fodders for layers of net utilization of energy and protein has been studied. Two new indexes of net utilization have been introduced: Clarc of energy distribution (CED) – the relation between consumed metabolizable energy and accumulated gross energy in the egg mélange and Clarc of protein transformation - the relation between consumed crude protein and accumulated crude protein in the egg mélange. The following results have been established: CED (fodder – egg mélange): Control group – 0.1820; 15% bread wastes – 0.1851; 20% bread wastes – 0.1887; CPT(fodder – egg mélange) - 0.2358; 0.2405 and 0.2460 respectively. The authors establish a tendency for hens that have consumed more bread wastes to show a higher effectiveness for the net protein transformation.

Protein quality evaluation in vivo of cricket flour (Gryllus assimilis) reared in Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and biological quality of Gryllus assimilis flour, through the analysis of nutritional and biochemical parameters of tests on young rats (Rattus norvegicus – Fischer). The most deficient essential amino acid was methionine, with a chemical score of 56.40%. For the net protein ratio (NPR) and net protein utilisation (NPU) ratio, the diet containing unsupplemented cricket flour was not enough to reach the NPR and NPU levels of the control group and was insufficient to promote weight gain in the rats. The addition of methionine and wheat bran increased the digestibility of the cricket flour, which resulted in a significant improvement in the levels of cricket protein utilisation, increasing the rates mentioned above and promoting weight gain in the rats. Based on our results, we can state that considering the age of the study animals, cricket meal was a sufficient source of protein for maintenance of body weight, but not for weight gain. Based on biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, urea), the cricket meal did not compromise the general health of the study animals. We therefore conclude that the addition of other sources of methionine to cricket flour can be a fundamental strategy for better use of cricket proteins in the diet.

Konsep Dasar Ilmu Gizi

Pengertian dari ilmu gizi (nutrition science) adalah “ Ilmu yg mempelajari segala sesuatu tentang makanan dalam hubungannya dengan kesehatan optimal”. Karbohidrat merupakan senyawa organik yang terdiri dari unsur karbon (C), hidrogen (H), dan oksigen(O) . Fungsi Karbohidrat adalah sebagai Sumber energi, pemberi rasa manis pada makanan, penghemat protein, pengatur metabolisme lemak, membantu pengeluaran feses. Lemak adalah senyawa organik yang larut dalam pelarut non polar seperti etanol, kloroform dan benzena, tetapi tidak larut dalam air. Lemak mengandung karbon , hidrogen dan oksigen. Fungsi umum lemak di dalam tubuh adalah menghasilkan energi terkonsentrasi yang memberikan kalori sebesar 9 kal/gram.Protein terdiri atas rantai-rantai panjang asam amino yang terikat satu sama lain dalam ikatan peptide. Asam amino terdiri atas unsur-unsur karbon, hidrogen, oksigen dan nitrogen, unsur nitrogen adalah unsur utama protein, Mutu protein ditentukan melalui : Nilai Biologik (NB), Net Protein Utilization (NPU), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), dan Skor Kimia (Skor Asam Amino). Vitamin adalah senyawa organik yang tersusun dari karbon, hidrogen, oksigen, dan terkadang nitrogen atau elemen lain yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah kecil agar metabolisme, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan berjalan normal. Vitamin dapat dipilahkan menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok yang larut dalam lemak dan yang larut dalam air. Mineral berdasarkan kebutuhan digolongkan menjadi mineral makro dan mineral mikro.

Mechanically deboned turkey meat with improved digestibility and biological value

Enzymatic hydrolysates of mechanically deboned meat (MDM) for a long time have been used as flavouring and functional food ingredients in the food industry and also as the bases of formula foods for special dietary uses.The aim of the present study was to produce MDM hypo-antigenic products with improved digestibility and high biological value to be used as a milk protein alternative. turkey MDM was treated with digestive enzymes (trypsin and/or α-chymotrypsin, or pancreatin), followed by freeze drying. The optimised reaction conditions of hydrolysis were at 6% (w/v) of meat protein in 0.1% NaHCO3 buffer, pH 7.5; pancreatin enzyme with 50 TAME units/g meat protein substrate, 37 °C and 60 min). Hydrolysates (MDMH) were assessed for degree of hydrolyses (DH, %) by using trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid method and MW distribution by SDS-PAGE. Modification of immune reactive binding sites in MDMHs was monitored by immunoblot with cow’s milk, chicken egg or meat allergic human patients’ sera. Biological value indices (True Digestibility (TD), Net Protein Utilisation (NPU), Biological Value (BV)) were determined using rat feeding trials. Among the MDMH products, the pancreatic hydrolysate proved to be the most favourable in terms of biological value and digestibility as well as hypoallergenic property.

mTORC1 mediates fiber type-specific regulation of protein synthesis and muscle size during denervation

Skeletal muscle denervation occurs in diverse conditions and causes severe muscle atrophy. Signaling by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a central role in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass by regulating net protein balance; yet, its role in denervation-induced atrophy is unclear. In this study, by using skeletal muscle-specific and inducible raptor knockout mice, we demonstrate that signaling through mTORC1 is activated during denervation and plays an essential role in mitigating the atrophy of non-type IIB muscle fibers. Measurements of protein synthesis rates of individual fibers suggest that denervation increases protein synthesis specifically in non-type IIB muscle fibers and that mTORC1 is required for this event. Furthermore, denervation induced a more pronounced increase in the level of phosphorylated ribosomal S6 protein in non-type IIB muscle fibers than in type IIB muscle fibers. Collectively, our results unveil a novel role for mTORC1 in mediating a fiber type-specific regulation of muscle size and protein synthesis during denervation.

Nutritional Evaluation of Unripe Plantain, Moringa Seed and Defatted Sesame Seed Cookies

Cookies are widely consumed all over the world and can bring important nutrients, especially to children. Composite ours consisting of plantain, moringa seed and sesame seeds were used to produce cookies in this study. Response surface methodology was employed in setting up the cookie's formulation. The samples with the best protein and fibre contents were sample F (71.34% plantain, 6.66% moringa and 22.00% sesame seed, with 14.08% protein and 3.02% fibre) and sample I (68.00% plantain, 10.00% moringa and 22.00% sesame seed, with 14.35% protein and 2.29% fibre). Cookies from 100% wheat flour were prepared as control. The protein, fat, ash and crude fibre contents of formulated cookies were significantly (p≤0.05) higher than control, whereas carbohydrate content was lower. There was no significant difference between the formulated cookies and the control in terms of overall acceptability, aroma and crunchiness. The formulated cookies showed higher biological value, net protein utilization, true digestibility, protein efficiency ratio, net protein ratio and protein retention efficiency than control, resulting in a significant increase in rat growth and development. The composite cookies containing unripe plantain, moringa seed and defatted sesame, at the blending ratio obtained in this study showed better nutritional quality than control cookies. These composite cookies, therefore, would be suitable for mitigating protein energy malnutrition in children.

Protein and energy value of maize and millet milling wastes for rabbits

Thirty-six mixed rabbits were utilized to determine the protein and energy values of maize milling waste (MZMW) and millet waste (MLMW). Parts of these wastes were autoclaved (AMZMW and AMLMW) and also fed to test rabbits. There was a significant higher (P<0.05) feed intake by rabbits on the MLMW and AMLMW than on the MZMW and the AMZMW. The AMLMW gave the best net protein utilization of 44.21% which was comparable (P<0.05) with 34.79% obtained for the MLMW but significantly different P<0.05) to 26.03 and 25.67% obtained respectively from AMZMW and MZMW. The biological values obtained are 41.48, 53.00, 39.25, and 61.61% for MZMW, MLMW, AMZMW and AMLMW respectively. The autoclaved ingredients gave higher metabolizable energy of 15287.25 and 14832.00KJ for AMZMW and AMLMW respectively against 14620.75 and 13664.38KJ for MZMW and MLMW respectively

Protein quality of autoclaved cowpea varieties as influenced by anti-nutritional factors

One hundred and ten (110) weanling male winstar strain rats were used to determine the protein efficiency ration (PER) and net protein ration (NPR) of five cowpea samples. PER ranged from 1.06 in IT 81D-1137 to 1.91 in 1784E-1-108 while values in autoclaved samples ranged from 1.55 in IT81D-1137 to 2.78 in 1784E-1-108. for NPR, raw samples gave values that ranged between 2.44 and 3.57 in 1781D-1137 and 1784E-1-108 respectively. Autoclaved samples gave NPR values that ranged from 2.72 to 4.47 in IT 8ID-1137 and IT84E-1-108 respectively. In the raw and autoclaved cowpea diets, trypsin inhibitor, lectin and tannic acid were negatively correlated with PER and NPR while HCN and phytic acid had positive relationship with these indicators of protein quality. In autoclaved samples cowpea variety IT84E-1-108 had the highest PER and NPR values showing that it would support growth to a reasonable extent.