scholarly journals Supplementing an energy adequate, higher protein diet with protein does not enhance fat-free mass restoration after short-term severe negative energy balance

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1485-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Berryman ◽  
J. J. Sepowitz ◽  
H. L. McClung ◽  
H. R. Lieberman ◽  
E. K. Farina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Net Protein

Negative energy balance during military operations can be severe and result in significant reductions in fat-free mass (FFM). Consuming supplemental high-quality protein following such military operations may accelerate restoration of FFM. Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and whole body protein turnover (single-pool [15N]alanine method) were determined before (PRE) and after 7 days (POST) of severe negative energy balance during military training in 63 male US Marines (means ± SD, 25 ± 3 yr, 84 ± 9 kg). After POST measures were collected, volunteers were randomized to receive higher protein (HIGH: 1,103 kcal/day, 133 g protein/day), moderate protein (MOD: 974 kcal/day, 84 g protein/day), or carbohydrate-based low protein control (CON: 1,042 kcal/day, 7 g protein/day) supplements, in addition to a self-selected, ad libitum diet, for the 27-day intervention (REFED). Measurements were repeated POST-REFED. POST total body mass (TBM; −5.8 ± 1.0 kg, −7.0%), FFM (−3.1 ± 1.6 kg, −4.7%), and net protein balance (−1.7 ± 1.1 g protein·kg−1·day−1) were lower and proteolysis (1.1 ± 1.9 g protein·kg−1·day−1) was higher compared with PRE ( P < 0.05). Self-selected, ad libitum dietary intake during REFED was similar between groups (3,507 ± 730 kcal/day, 2.0 ± 0.5 g protein·kg−1·day−1). However, diets differed by protein intake due to supplementation (CON: 2.0 ± 0.4, MOD: 3.2 ± 0.7, and HIGH: 3.5 ± 0.7 g·kg−1·day−1; P < 0.05) but not total energy (4,498 ± 725 kcal/day). All volunteers, independent of group assignment, achieved positive net protein balance (0.4 ± 1.0 g protein·kg−1·day−1) and gained TBM (5.9 ± 1.7 kg, 7.8%) and FFM (3.6 ± 1.8 kg, 5.7%) POST-REFED compared with POST ( P < 0.05). Supplementing ad libitum, energy-adequate, higher protein diets with additional protein may not be necessary to restore FFM after short-term severe negative energy balance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article demonstrates 1) the majority of physiological decrements incurred during military training (e.g., total and fat-free mass loss), with the exception of net protein balance, resolve and return to pretraining values after 27 days and 2) protein supplementation, in addition to an ad libitum, higher protein (~2.0 g·kg−1·day−1), energy adequate diet, is not necessary to restore fat-free mass following short-term severe negative energy balance.

scholarly journals Testosterone Status Following Short-term, Severe Negative Energy Balance Predicts Fat-free Mass Loss in U.S. Marines

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Claire E. Berryman ◽  
John J. Sepowitz ◽  
Holly L. McClung ◽  
Stefan M. Pasiakos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Short Term

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mullie ◽  
Pieter Maes ◽  
Laurens van Veelen ◽  
Damien Van Tiggelen ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rest Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

scholarly journals Metabolic adaptations during negative energy balance and their potential impact on appetite and food intake

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Casanova ◽  
Kristine Beaulieu ◽  
Graham Finlayson ◽  
Mark Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations

This review examines the metabolic adaptations that occur in response to negative energy balance and their potential putative or functional impact on appetite and food intake. Sustained negative energy balance will result in weight loss, with body composition changes similar for different dietary interventions if total energy and protein intake are equated. During periods of underfeeding, compensatory metabolic and behavioural responses occur that attenuate the prescribed energy deficit. While losses of metabolically active tissue during energy deficit result in reduced energy expenditure, an additional down-regulation in expenditure has been noted that cannot be explained by changes in body tissue (e.g. adaptive thermogenesis). Sustained negative energy balance is also associated with an increase in orexigenic drive and changes in appetite-related peptides during weight loss that may act as cues for increased hunger and food intake. It has also been suggested that losses of fat-free mass (FFM) could also act as an orexigenic signal during weight loss, but more data are needed to support these findings and the signalling pathways linking FFM and energy intake remain unclear. Taken together, these metabolic and behavioural responses to weight loss point to a highly complex and dynamic energy balance system in which perturbations to individual components can cause co-ordinated and inter-related compensatory responses elsewhere. The strength of these compensatory responses is individually subtle, and early identification of this variability may help identify individuals that respond well or poorly to an intervention.

scholarly journals Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriane Schalt ◽  
Michelle M. Johannsen ◽  
Jimin Kim ◽  
Richard Chen ◽  
Carl J. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance

Striatal opioid peptide gene expression differentially tracks short-term satiety but does not vary with negative energy balance in a manner opposite to hypothalamic NPY

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. R217-R226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Will ◽  
William M. Vanderheyden ◽  
Ann E. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Diet Restriction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peptide Gene

It has long been known that central opioid systems play an important role in certain aspects of appetite and food intake, particularly with regard to the hedonic or rewarding impact of calorically dense food, such as fat and sugar. Ventral striatal enkephalin may be a key component of this system, as infusions of μ-opiate agonists into this region strongly increase feeding, whereas infusions of opiate antagonists decrease food intake. While pharmacological analysis has consistently supported such a role, direct measurement of enkephalin gene expression in relation to differing food motivational conditions has not been examined. In this study, the effects of a restricted laboratory chow diet (resulting in negative energy balance) as well has recent consumption of chow (short-term satiety) on striatal preproenkephalin (PPE) and prodynorphin (PD) mRNA expression were measured in rats, using both Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization methods. As a comparison, hypothalamic (arcuate nucleus) neuropeptide Y (NPY) was also measured in these conditions. PPE expression was broadly downregulated throughout the striatum in animals that had recently consumed a meal, whereas it was unaffected by negative energy balance. Expression of an additional striatal peptide gene, PD, did not follow this pattern, although diet restriction caused a decrease in accumbens core dynorphin mRNA. Conversely, as expected, arcuate nucleus NPY mRNA expression was markedly upregulated by negative energy balance, but was unchanged by recent food consumption. This double dissociation between striatal and hypothalamic peptide systems suggests a specific role for striatal PPE in relatively short-term food motivational states, but not in long-term metabolic responses to diet restriction.

scholarly journals Mammary gene expression profiles during an intramammary challenge reveal potential mechanisms linking negative energy balance with impaired immune response

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasey M. Moyes ◽  
James K. Drackley ◽  
Dawn E. Morin ◽  
Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas ◽  
Robin E. Everts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Our objective was to compare mammary tissue gene expression profiles during a Streptococcus uberis ( S. uberis) mastitis challenge between lactating cows subjected to dietary-induced negative energy balance (NEB; n = 5) and cows fed ad libitum to maintain positive energy balance (PEB; n = 5) to better understand the mechanisms associated with NEB and risk of mastitis during the transition period. The NEB cows were feed-restricted to 60% of calculated net energy for lactation requirements for 7 days, and cows assigned to PEB were fed the same diet for ad libitum intake. Five days after feed restriction, one rear mammary quarter of each cow was inoculated with 5,000 cfu of S. uberis (O140J). At 20 h postinoculation, S. uberis-infected mammary quarters from all cows were biopsied for RNA extraction. Negative energy balance resulted in 287 differentially expressed genes (DEG; false discovery rate ≤ 0.05), with 86 DEG upregulated and 201 DEG downregulated in NEB vs. PEB. Canonical pathways most affected by NEB were IL-8 signaling (10 genes), glucocorticoid receptor signaling ( 13 ), and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response ( 10 ). Among the genes differentially expressed by NEB, cell growth and proliferation ( 48 ) and cellular development ( 36 ) were the most enriched functions. Regarding immune response, HLA-A was upregulated due to NEB, whereas the majority of genes involved in immune response were downregulated (e.g., AKT1, IRAK1, MAPK9, and TRAF6). This study provided new avenues for investigation into the mechanisms relating NEB and susceptibility to mastitis in lactating dairy cows.

Exertional fatigue, sleep loss, and negative energy balance increase susceptibility to hypothermia

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1210-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Catherine O’Brien ◽  
Ronald L. Shippee ◽  
Peter Tikuisis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Tissue Insulation

The purpose of this study was to determine how chronic exertional fatigue and sleep deprivation coupled with negative energy balance affect thermoregulation during cold exposure. Eight men wearing only shorts and socks sat quietly during 4-h cold air exposure (10°C) immediately after (<2 h, A) they completed 61 days of strenuous military training (energy expenditure ∼4,150 kcal/day, energy intake ∼3,300 kcal/day, sleep ∼4 h/day) and again after short (48 h, SR) and long (109 days, LR) recovery. Body weight decreased 7.4 kg from before training to A, then increased 6.4 kg by SR, with an additional 6.4 kg increase by LR. Body fat averaged 12% during A and SR and increased to 21% during LR. Rectal temperature (Tre) was lower before and during cold air exposure for A than for SR and LR. Tre declined during cold exposure in A and SR but not LR. Mean weighted skin temperature (T sk) during cold exposure was higher in A and SR than in LR. Metabolic rate increased during all cold exposures, but it was lower during A and LR than SR. The mean body temperature (0.67 Tre + 0.33T sk) threshold for increasing metabolism was lower during A than SR and LR. Thus chronic exertional fatigue and sleep loss, combined with underfeeding, reduced tissue insulation and blunted metabolic heat production, which compromised maintenance of body temperature. A short period of rest, sleep, and refeeding restored the thermogenic response to cold, but thermal balance in the cold remained compromised until after several weeks of recovery when tissue insulation had been restored.

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