The Emergence of Social Conventional Behavior: Evidence from Early Object Play

Autonomy is associated with intellectual self-preservation and self-determination. Shame, on the contrary, bears a loss of approval, self-esteem and control. Being afflicted with shame, we suffer from social dependencies that by no means have been freely chosen. Moreover, undergoing various experiences of shame, our power of reflection turns out to be severly limited owing to emotional embarrassment. In both ways, shame seems to be bound to heteronomy. This situation strongly calls for conceptual clarification. For this purpose, we introduce a threestage model of self-determination which comprises i) autonomy as capability of decision-making relating to given sets of choices, ii) self-commitment in terms of setting and harmonizing goals, and iii) self-realization in compliance with some range of persistently approved goals. Accordingly, the presuppositions and distinctive marks of shame-experiences are made explicit. Within this framework, we explore the intricate relation between autonomy and shame by focusing on two questions: on what conditions could conventional behavior be considered as self-determined? How should one characterize the varying roles of actors that are involved in typical cases of shame-experiences? In this connection, we advance the thesis that the social dynamics of shame turns into ambiguous positions relating to motivation, intentional content,and actors’ roles.

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Non‐conventional Behavior of a 2,1‐Benzazaphosphole: Heterodiene or Hidden Phosphinidene?

Chemistry - A European Journal ◽

10.1002/chem.202102622 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vít Kremláček ◽

Erik Kertész ◽

Zoltán Benkő ◽

Milan Erben ◽

Robert Jirásko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conventional Behavior

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Supporting Peer Interactions in the Inclusive Preschool Classroom Using Visual Scene Displays

Journal of Special Education Technology ◽

10.1177/0162643420981561 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 016264342098156

Author(s):

Emily Laubscher ◽

Tracy J Raulston ◽

Ciara Ousley

Keyword(s):

Social Communication ◽

Peer Interactions ◽

Visual Scene ◽

Storybook Reading ◽

Object Play ◽

Preschool Classrooms ◽

Inclusive Preschool ◽

Shared Storybook Reading ◽

Communication Differences ◽

Technology Tool

Inclusive preschool classrooms have become increasingly common in recent decades, affording opportunities for children with and without disabilities opportunities to interact and develop positive relationships. Children with disabilities may be unintentionally excluded from these interactions due to communication differences. This paper discusses one assistive technology tool, called visual scene displays (VSDs), for supporting communication and interaction between children. Specifically, the paper aims to: (a) describe VSDs; (b) discuss why VSDs are particularly well-suited for supporting social communication between young children; (c) describe how VSDs are created and introduced to children; and (d) provide examples of how VSDs may be implemented during two common preschool activities: object play and shared storybook reading. Finally, resources for creating VSDs are offered.

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Effectiveness of Hypnosis in Combination with Conventional Techniques of Behavior Management in Anxiety/Pain Reduction during Dental Anesthetic Infiltration

Pain Research and Management ◽

10.1155/2017/1434015 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. Ramírez-Carrasco ◽

C. Butrón-Téllez Girón ◽

O. Sanchez-Armass ◽

M. Pierdant-Pérez

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Skin Conductance ◽

Pain Control ◽

Behavior Management ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Management Techniques ◽

Conventional Behavior ◽

Behavior Management Techniques ◽

Experimental Group

Background and Objective. Anxiety/pain are experiences that make dental treatment difficult for children, especially during the time of anesthesia. Hypnosis is used in pediatric clinical situations to modify thinking, behavior, and perception as well as, recently, in dentistry; therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of hypnosis combined with conventional behavior management techniques during infiltration anesthetic.Methods. Anxiety/pain were assessed with the FLACC scale during the anesthetic moment, as well as heart rate variability and skin conductance before and during the anesthetic moment, between the control and experimental group.Results. A marginal statistical difference (p=0.05) was found in the heart rate between baseline and anesthetic moment, being lower in the hypnosis group. No statistically significant differences were found with the FLACC scale or in the skin conductance (p>0.05).Conclusion. Hypnosis combined with conventional behavior management techniques decreases heart rate during anesthetic infiltration showing that there may be an improvement in anxiety/pain control through hypnotic therapy.

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Young Children’s Exploration of Science in Object Play and Teachers’ Plans for Educational Support

Korean Journal of Child Studies ◽

10.5723/kjcs.2017.38.4.49 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 49-64

Author(s):

Eunyoung Baik

Keyword(s):

Educational Support ◽

Object Play

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Keynes on Expectations, Uncertainty and Defensive Behavior

Brazilian Keynesian Review ◽

10.33834/bkr.v1i1.15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 44-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Fernando J. Cardim de Carvalho

Keyword(s):

General Theory ◽

Defensive Behavior ◽

Economic Behavior ◽

Precautionary Savings ◽

Close Attention ◽

Economic Agents ◽

Milton Friedman ◽

Mechanistic Approach ◽

Fundamental Uncertainty ◽

Conventional Behavior

Keynesianism dominated macroeconomics until the early 1970s in the form of what was called hydraulic Keynesianism, a fundamentally mechanistic approach that assumed that economic agents always reacted in the same way to a certain set of stimuli. The dominance of hydraulic Keynesianism opened the way for the emerging criticism, first by Milton Friedman, and later by New Classical economists, that Keynesianism had no place for expectations. Keynes, however, dedicated close attention to the ways expectations were formed under fundamental uncertainty and how economic behavior was changed when agents acknowledged that the future was uncertain. For Keynes, acknowledging uncertainty meant that agents sought to take precautions against the possibility that their expectations were wrong and the decisions relying on them were incorrect. In The General Theory, Keynes showed that, in practically all fields, behavior would be significantly changed when agents acknowledged uncertainty. Precautionary savings, liquidity preference, conventional behavior, were all particular manifestations of the attempt to get protection against the losses that could result from the disappointment of expectations.

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Psychological Characteristics of Play Activities for Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Психолого-педагогический поиск ◽

10.37724/rsu.2020.56.4.013 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 123-130

Author(s):

И.А. Конева ◽

Т.А. Серебрякова ◽

О.И. Борисова

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Pretend Play ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Quality Analysis ◽

Object Play ◽

Children's Play ◽

Children’S Play ◽

Spectrum Disorders

В статье рассматриваются особенности игровой деятельности дошкольников с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС). Данная проблема является недостаточно разработанной в специальной психологии и психокоррекционной практике и очень актуальной с точки зрения оптимизации развития детей с РАС. Анализируются результаты психологических исследований по отмеченной проблеме; описывается методологический аппарат проведенного авторами эмпирического изучения особенностей игровой деятельности дошкольников с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС): цель, гипотеза, методики; дается качественный анализ полученных результатов. В процессе сравнения особенностей игры дошкольников с РАС с возрастными нормативами доказано, что игровая деятельность этих детей отличается своеобразием: у большинства преобладает предметно-манипулятивная деятельность; отмечаются трудности в использовании предметов-заместителей в игре, нарушения при использовании свойств игрушки; предпочитаемая игра имеет стереотипный характер, а основным побудителем для игры служит выраженный сенсорный раздражитель. Подтверждена гипотеза о том, что у дошкольников с РАС в игровой деятельности преобладают предметные манипуляции, стереотипные действия, использование игрушек не по назначению. Кроме того, у дошкольников с РАС выявлены индивидуальные особенности игровой деятельности: предпочитаемые игры и игрушки, выбираемые места для игр, наличие или отсутствие ролевой речи. Перспективы дальнейшего исследования особенностей игровой деятельности дошкольников с расстройствами аутистического спектра могут быть связаны с разработкой индивидуально ориентированных коррекционно-развивающих программ с учетом особенностей игры каждого ребенка для оптимизации его общего психического развития. The article treats the characteristics of play activities for preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. This issue of special psychology and psychocorrectional practice is under-investigated and highly relevant as a means to enhance the development of children with autism spectrum disorders. The article analyzes the results of psychological research on the issue. It describes the methodological apparatus for empirical investigation of play activities for preschool children with autism spectrum disorders: the aim, the hypothesis, the methods employed. It also provides a quality analysis of the obtained results. A comparative analysis of autistic children’s play activities and play activities of normotypical children of the same age shows that autistic children’s play activities have some peculiarities: the majority of children engage in object play, they experience difficulties with symbolic play, cannot properly use the properties of a play object, they prefer stereotypical and repetitive play activities, they engage in play activities for the physical sensation it creates. The article proves the hypothesis that preschool children with autism spectrum disorders engage in object manipulations, stereotypical activities, do not use objects the way they are intended to be used. Moreover, preschool children with autism spectrum disorders demonstrate individual peculiarities when engaged in play activities: favorite toys and games, favorite play spots, absence or presence of verbal communication during pretend play. Further investigation of play activities for preschool children with autism spectrum disorders can be associated with the development of individual correctional programs that take into consideration children’s individual play characteristics and enhance children’s psychological development.

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