scholarly journals Trait-Unconsciousness, State-Unconsciousness, Preconsciousness, and Social Miscalibration in the Context of Implicit Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s115-s134
Author(s):  
Adam Hahn ◽  
Alexandra Goedderz
Keyword(s):  
Direct Awareness ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of

Implicit evaluations are often assumed to reflect “unconscious attitudes.” We review data from our lab to conclude that the truth of this statement depends on how one defines “unconscious.” A trait definition of unconscious according to which implicit evaluations reflect cognitions that are introspectively inaccessible at all times appears to be inaccurate. However, when unconscious is defined as a state which cognitions can be in at specific times, some data suggest that the cognitions reflected on implicit evaluations may sometimes unfold without direct awareness, in that people seem to rarely pay attention to them. Additionally, people appear to be miscalibrated in their reports in that they construe even conscious biases in self-serving ways. This analysis suggests that implicit evaluations do not reflect unconscious cognitions per se, but rather awareness-independent cognitions that are often preconscious and miscalibrated. Discussion centers on the meaning of this analysis for theory and application.

scholarly journals NEUROMUSCULAR CHANGES WITH AGING AND SARCOPENIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
B.C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conceptual Definition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

Sarcopenia was originally conceptualized as the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass. Over the ensuing decades, the conceptual definition of sarcopenia has changed to represent a condition in older adults that is characterized by declining muscle mass and function, with “function” most commonly conceived as muscle weakness and/or impaired physical performance (e.g., slow gait speed). Findings over the past 15-years, however, have demonstrated that changes in grip and leg extensor strength are not primarily due to muscle atrophy per se, and that to a large extent, are reflective of declines in the integrity of the nervous system. This article briefly summarizes findings relating to the complex neuromuscular mechanisms that contribute to reductions in muscle function associated with advancing age, and the implications of these findings on the development of effective therapies.

scholarly journals Democratic Legitimacy between Port-au-Prince and Cairo: A Reply to Erika de Wet

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jure Vidmar
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Law ◽  
Political System ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Democratic Government ◽  
Normative Force ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of

In the 1990s, international legal scholarship was marked by democratic idealism and the belief that democracy had become the only legitimate political system. The more radical proposals even speculated about legality of pro-democratic intervention. Such re-conceptualizations of international law were met with determined criticism. However, even skeptical voices were willing to admit that democracy nevertheless did have some limited normative force in post-Cold War international law. While it would be an exaggeration to say that nondemocratic governments are illegitimate per se, a consensus started to emerge that international law prohibited at least a coup against a democratic government. In the absence of a workable definition of substantive democracy for international law purposes, a democratic government was understood as an authority which comes to power in an electoral process that is reasonably free and fair.

If...Then

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taina Bucher
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social World ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Ranking Data ◽  
Relational Agency ◽  
Multiple Realities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of

IF … THEN provides an account of power and politics in the algorithmic media landscape that pays attention to the multiple realities of algorithms, and how these relate and coexist. The argument is made that algorithms do not merely have power and politics; they help to produce certain forms of acting and knowing in the world. In processing, classifying, sorting, and ranking data, algorithms are political in that they help to make the world appear in certain ways rather than others. Analyzing Facebook’s news feed, social media user’s everyday encounters with algorithmic systems, and the discourses and work practices of news professionals, the book makes a case for going beyond the narrow, technical definition of algorithms as step-by-step procedures for solving a problem in a finite number of steps. Drawing on a process-relational theoretical framework and empirical data from field observations and fifty-five interviews, the author demonstrates how algorithms exist in multiple ways beyond code. The analysis is concerned with the world-making capacities of algorithms, questioning how algorithmic systems shape encounters and orientations of different kinds, and how these systems are endowed with diffused personhood and relational agency. IF … THEN argues that algorithmic power and politics is neither about algorithms determining how the social world is fabricated nor about what algorithms do per se. Rather it is about how and when different aspects of algorithms and the algorithmic become available to specific actors, under what circumstance, and who or what gets to be part of how algorithms are defined.

Paradigm Function Morphology: Assumptions and Innovations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Stump
Keyword(s):  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Recent Innovation ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Fundamental Insight ◽  
Definition Of

Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM) is an evolving approach to modeling morphological systems in a precise and enlightening way. The fundamental insight of PFM is that words have both content and form and that in the context of an appropriately organized lexicon, a language’s morphology deduces a complex word’s form from its content. PFM is therefore a realizational theory: a language’s grammar and lexicon are assumed to provide a precise characterization of a word’s content, from which the language’s morphology then projects the corresponding form. Morphemes per se have no role in this theory; by contrast, paradigms have the essential role of defining the content that is realized by a language’s morphology. At the core of PFM is the notion of a paradigm function, a formal representation of the relation between a word’s content and its form; the definition of a language’s paradigm function is therefore the definition of its inflectional morphology. Recent elaborations of this idea assume a distinction between content paradigms and form paradigms, which makes it possible to account for a fact that is otherwise irreconcilable with current morphological theory—the fact that the set of morphosyntactic properties that determines a word’s syntax and semantics often differs from the set of properties (some of them morphomic) that determines a word’s inflectional form. Another recent innovation is the assumption that affixes and rules of morphology may be complex in the sense that they may be factored into smaller affixes and rules; the evidence favoring this assumption is manifold.

scholarly journals The erosion of nongambling spheres by smartphone gambling: A qualitative study on workplace and domestic disordered gambling

2020 ◽  
pp. 205015792095212
Author(s):  
Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez ◽  
Susana Jiménez-Murcia ◽  
Mark D Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Gambling Behavior ◽  
Internet Gambling ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
Problem Gamblers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group Settings ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Related Harm

The potential dangers of internet-based gambling as compared with more traditional land-based gambling have been increasingly investigated over the past decade. The general consensus appears to be that although internet gambling might not be a more dangerous medium for gambling per se, the 24/7 availability it generates for problem gamblers, however, is. Because smartphones have become the most used way of gambling online, internet gambling must, therefore, be further subcategorized according to the device by which it is accessed. This study examines the issue by exploring the views of smartphone gamblers undergoing treatment for gambling disorder in focus group settings ( N=35). Utilizing thematic analysis, the paper shows that smartphone gambling has colonized spaces previously regarded as nongambling spheres. The workplace, especially in male-dominated contexts, emerged as an accommodator and stimulator of gambling behavior, raising issues of productivity rather than criminality. Domestic gambling was mostly characterized by an invasion of bathroom and bedtime spheres of intimacy. The study examines the implications of prevention and treatment, focusing on the minimization of exposure to gambling stimuli, the erosion of intimacy that recovering gamblers must endure, and the necessity of embracing a broader definition of gambling-related harm.

Statistical Method and the Peircean Account of Truth

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-314
Author(s):  
Andrew Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Pragmatic Theory ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of

Peirce is often credited with having formulated a pragmatic theory of truth. This can be misleading, if it is assumed that Peirce was chiefly interested in providing a metaphysical analysis of the immediate conditions under which a belief or proposition is true, or the conditions under which a proposition or belief is said to be madetrue. Cheryl Misak has exposed the subtleties in Peirce's discussion of truth, especially showing the difficulties faced by any ascription to him of an analytic definition of truth. In this paper I follow Misak in urging that Peirce's contribution to the philosophical discussion about the nature of truth was not of that kind. What makes his pragmatic approach distinctive is that rather than attempting to state the nature of truth per se, it attempts to uncover the beliefs and expectations we commit ourselves to when we make specific claims that such and such is true or is the case.

scholarly journals Needs, Rights and Democratic Renewal

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Ife
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Democratic Participation ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Professional Category ◽  
Shared Humanity ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Strengths Approach

The way in which a discourse of human needs has been appropriated by neo-liberal perspectives within modernity is well-documented. The construction and definition of “needs” by professionals has been criticised as “the dictatorship of needs”, and has readily excluded people other than professionals and managers from the definition of need. Need becomes objectified, something to be “assessed” by professionals using expert methodologies, rather than involving democratic participation. Here need becomes another excluding professional category, apparently objective and value-free, but in reality ideological. Furthermore, the deficit approach inherent in the idea of “need” runs counter to the more positive “strengths” approach of social work. “Rights” as an alternative to “needs” is superficially a more empowering discourse, and moving from a needs-based to a rights-based approach is therefore intuitively seductive, and has evidently appealed to social workers. However, ideas of “rights”, and especially “human rights” are also embedded within modernity and the privileging of the expert. The conventional discourse of human rights as defined by the UN or other legal bodies, applied universally, and protected through laws and legal institutions, is a negation of any democratic understanding of rights. “Human rights”, like need, thus becomes an objectified discourse of the powerful about the powerless. However the idea of human rights, if constructed from within a more postmodern framing, has the potential to move our understanding of a shared humanity beyond the constraints of modernity. Thus human rights per se is an inadequate, and potentially dangerous, formulation for progressive social work, unless democratic participation is restored to the human rights project. If human rights are understood as being embedded in a community of reciprocal rights and responsibilities, rather than as “things” possessed by individuals, human rights from below can become a powerful framework for the democratic renewal of practice.

scholarly journals The Politics of Vulnerability in Refugee Admissions Under the EU-Turkey Statement

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Welfens ◽  
Yasemin Bekyol
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Selection Practices

Resettlement and humanitarian admission programs claim to target ‘particularly vulnerable’, or ‘the most vulnerable’ refugees. If the limited spots of such programs are indeed foreseen for particularly vulnerable groups and individuals, as resettlement actors claim, how is vulnerability defined in policies and put into practice at the frontline? Taking European states’ recent admission programs under the EU-Turkey statement as an example, and focusing on Germany as an admission country, this research note sheds light on this question. Drawing on document analysis, and original fieldwork insights, we show that on paper and in practice vulnerability as a policy category designates some social groups as per se more vulnerable than others, rather than accounting for contingent reasons of vulnerability. In policy documents, the operational definition of vulnerability and its relation to other criteria remain largely undefined. In selection practices, additional criteria curtail a purely vulnerability-based selection, exacerbate existing or create new vulnerabilities in their own right. We conclude that, in the absence of clear definitions, resettlement and humanitarian admission programs’ declared focus on the most vulnerable remains a discretionary promise, with limited possibilities of political and legal scrutiny.

scholarly journals Atliekų sąvoka: probleminiai aspektai

Teisė ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 176-197
Author(s):  
M Artynas Vasiliauskas
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Legal Translation ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Straipsnyje analizuojami pagrindiniai probleminiai aspektai, susiję su galiojančiuose teisės aktuose įtvirtinta atliekų sąvoka. Daugiausia dėmesio sutelkta į sąvokos vertimo netikslumus ir į tai, kokią įtaką šie netikslumai turi teisės teoretikams ir praktikams taikant atliekų sąvoką. Autorius analizuoja keturis Europos Sąjungos teisės aktus, kuriuose pateikiama atliekų sąvoka. Šiuose teisės aktuose lietuvių kal­ba atliekų sąvoka yra pateikiama vis kitaip, nors kitomis kalbomis minėta sąvoka iš esmės nekinta. Be to, straipsnyje ieškoma geriausio termino pagrindiniam atliekų sąvokos elementui, t. y. momentui, nuo kurio daiktai ar medžiagos tampa atliekomis, apibūdinti, nes visuose analizuojamuose dokumentuose pateikiami skirtingi šį elementą apibūdinantys terminai. Taip pat aptariama kol kas negausi Lietuvos teismų praktika, aiškinant atliekų sąvoką ir atskleidžiami sunkumai, su kuriais teismai gali susidurti, tai­kydami netikslią atliekų sąvoką. Straipsnyje siūloma atliekų sąvoka, atitinkanti analizuotuose Europos Sąjungos dokumentuose kitomis kalbomis pateiktą sąvoką. The article discusses some problematic aspects of the legal definition of waste. The article is focused on the irregularities of the legal translation of this definition into Lithuanian and on the impact of these irregularities to legal scientists and lawyers. Four European Union legal acts, which define waste, are analysed. In each of these legal acts (Lithuanian translation) the definition of waste is different, despite the fact that the definition of waste per se practically does not change. Furthermore, the search for the best term defining the principle element of the definition of waste, i.e. for the moment when a material or an object become waste, is conducted. This search is determined by the fact that in each of the analysed legal acts in Lithuanian this moment is defined differently, however, this term does not change in the legal acts in other languages. The article also discusses Lithuanian courts’ cases (they are still not great in number) which explain the legal definition of waste and enumerates the difficulties that the courts may encounter in applying the legal definition of waste. The definition of waste which corresponds to the sense of the analysed legal acts is proposed.

scholarly journals Ethics and Strategy in Decision-Based Design Frameworks: Problems and Solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3301-3310
Author(s):  
Daniel Hulse ◽  
Christopher Hoyle ◽  
Irem Tumer
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Decision Based Design

AbstractEngineering Design decisions impact customers, the environment and society at large in ways that have profound ethical and strategic implications for designers. Previous research in decision-based design has proposed the decisions should be made on the basis of maximizing the expected utility of the design to the designer. This paper discusses ethical and strategic challenges for these frameworks across five levels: the axioms that underlie utility, the definition of utility, the consideration of multiple stakeholders, the modeling scope, and resulting design framework implementation. Based on these problems, solutions are suggested to account for each in the development of improved, ethically- informed frameworks. Challenges presented here do not prohibit the prudent use of decision-based design frameworks per se, but instead point to cases that must addressed in practice while providing grounds for further research towards the development of decision-based design frameworks that are ethical by design.

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