“It Was Nothing”—Extending Evolutionary Models Of Altruism By Two Social Cognitive Biases In Judgments Of The Costs And Benefits Of Helping

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 363-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Costs And Benefits

Understanding and reducing tension between science and religion: The role of meaning in social cognitive biases and reducing defensiveness

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl R. Van Tongeren ◽  
Jeffrey D. Green ◽  
Timothy L. Hulsey ◽  
Cristine H. Legare ◽  
David G. Bromley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Science And Religion

scholarly journals How culture and biology interact to shape language and the language faculty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenny Smith
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Repeated Cycle ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Precise Relationship

Recent work suggests that linguistic structure develops through cultural evolution, as a consequence of the repeated cycle of learning and use by which languages persist. This work has important implications for our understanding of the evolution of the cognitive basis for language: in particular, human language and the cognitive capacities underpinning it are likely to have been shaped by co-evolutionary processes, where the cultural evolution of linguistic systems is shaped by and in turn shapes the biological evolution of the capacities underpinning language learning. I review several models of this co-evolutionary process, which suggest that the precise relationship between evolved biases in individuals and the structure of linguistic systems depends on the extent to which cultural evolution masks or unmasks individual-level cognitive biases from selection. I finish by discussing how these co-evolutionary models might be extended to cases where the biases involved in learning are themselves shaped by experience, as is the case for language.

Overcoming Confirmation and Blind Spot Biases When Communicating Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Kenski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Bias Blind Spot

This chapter focuses on two biases that lead people away from evaluating evidence and scientific studies impartially—confirmation bias and bias blind spot. The chapter first discusses different ways in which people process information and reviews the costs and benefits of utilizing cognitive shortcuts in decision making. Next, two common cognitive biases, confirmation bias and bias blind spot, are explained. Then the literature on “debiasing” is explored. Finally, the implications of confirmation bias and bias blind spot in the context of communicating about science are examined, and an agenda for future research on understanding and mitigating these biases is offered.

scholarly journals A systematic review and realist synthesis on toilet paper hoarding: COVID or not COVID, that is the question

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10771
Author(s):  
Javier Labad ◽  
Alexandre González-Rodríguez ◽  
Jesus Cobo ◽  
Joaquim Puntí ◽  
Josep Maria Farré
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
General Population ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Realist Review ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Toilet Paper

Objective To explore whether the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is associated with toilet paper hoarding and to assess which risk factors are associated with the risk of toilet paper hoarding. Design A systematic review and realist review were conducted. Data sources PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO were searched (systematic review). PubMed, pre-prints and grey literature were also searched (realist review). The databases were searched from inception until October 2020. Study selection There were no restrictions on the study design. Outcomes and measures For the systematic review, toilet paper hoarding was the main outcome, and pathological use of toilet paper was the secondary outcome. For the realist review, the context-mechanisms-outcome (CMO) scheme included the COVID-19 pandemic (context), four proposed mechanisms, and one outcome (toilet paper hoarding). The four potential mechanisms were (1) gastrointestinal mechanisms of COVID-19 (e.g. diarrhoea), (2) social cognitive biases, (3) stress-related factors (mental illnesses, personality traits) and (4) cultural aspects (e.g. differences between countries). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies All studies of human populations were considered (including general population studies and clinical studies of patients suffering from mental health problems). Results The systematic review identified 14 studies (eight studies for the main outcome, six studies for the secondary outcome). Three surveys identified the role of the COVID-19 threat in toilet paper hoarding in the general population. One study pointed to an association between a personality trait (conscientiousness) and toilet paper buying and stockpiling as well as an additional significant indirect effect of emotionality through the perceived threat of COVID-19 on toilet paper buying and stockpiling. Six case reports of pathological use of toilet paper were also identified, although none of them were associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The realist review suggested that of all the mechanisms, social cognitive biases and a bandwagon effect were potential contributors to toilet paper hoarding in the general population. The stressful situation (COVID-19 pandemic) and some personality traits (conscientiousness) were found to be associated with toilet paper hoarding. Cultural differences were also identified, with relatively substantial effects of toilet paper hoarding in several Asian regions (Australia, Japan, Taiwan and Singapore). Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a worldwide increase in toilet paper hoarding. Social media and social cognitive biases are major contributors and might explain some differences in toilet paper hoarding between countries. Other mental health-related factors, such as the stressful situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, fear of contagion, or particular personality traits (conscientiousness), are likely to be involved. Registration PROSPERO CRD42020182308

scholarly journals Expert Knowledge: Its Structure, Functions and Limits

Studia Humana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Marek Hetmański
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Structure Functions

Abstract Expert knowledge - a concept associated with Ryle’s distinction of knowledgethat and knowledge-how - functions in distinct areas of knowledge and social expertise. Consisting of both propositional (declarative) and procedural (instrumental) knowledge, expertise is performative in its essence. It depends not only on expert’s experience and cognitive competences, but also on his or her social and institutional position. The paper considers the role of heuristic and intuitional abilities, including particular experts’ cognitive biases, as the vital and indispensable part of expertise. On the basis of selected managerial and juridical examples (procedures, standards, norms and institutional regulations) it analyzes the epistemological issues: the autonomy versus dependence of expert knowledge as well as the influence of social-cognitive circumstances on expertise.

scholarly journals Multidimensional influence of parent, friend and teacher agents on bullying behaviors through social cognitive biases

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (0) ◽  
pp. 3C-007-3C-007
Author(s):  
Takuya Yoshida ◽  
Hiroyuki Yoshizawa ◽  
Ryosuke Asano ◽  
Ryuichi Tamai ◽  
Yoshifumi Yoshimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Bullying Behaviors

scholarly journals Trustworthiness judgments are associated with interpersonal functioning in individuals with schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 204380871982709
Author(s):  
Michal Hajdúk ◽  
Dana Krajčovičová ◽  
Miroslava Zimányiová ◽  
Viera Kořínková ◽  
Anton Heretik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Functioning ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Interpersonal Functioning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Rapid and accurate trustworthiness judgments are important during successful day-to-day social interactions because they can influence the decision whether to approach someone and initiate social interaction. The aim of the present study was to analyze associations between these judgments and self-reported and clinician-rated social functioning. The sample consisted of 48 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 35 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and educational level. A trustworthiness task, subjective, and clinician-rated scales for social functioning were administered to both samples. Trustworthiness judgments did not differ between patients and healthy controls. Both groups were able to discriminate between trustworthy and untrustworthy faces. Trustworthiness ratings were associated with self-reported and clinician-rated measures of interpersonal functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Despite the absence of differences between groups, in patients with schizophrenia, a tendency to mistrust based on facial appearance was related to worse functional outcome, predominantly in the domain of disturbed interpersonal functioning. This study highlights the importance of future research into social–cognitive biases in schizophrenia.

Social cognition in schizophrenia: Impairments and treatment approaches

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 2157-2157
Author(s):  
W. Wölwer
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
The Stability

Impairments in cognitive processes underlying social interaction (i.e. “social cognition”) have increasingly attracted interest in schizophrenia research during the last years. These impairments concern various components of social cognition, exist relatively independent from impairments in basic cognition and from clinical psychopathology, are already present at the onset of the disorder, and can even be detected in persons at high risk of developing schizophrenia. As social cognitive impairments are closely related to poor functional outcome, and because longitudinal studies have proven the stability of social cognitive impairments across the course of the disorder despite clinically efficacious traditional treatment, various specialized treatment and rehabilitation programs targeting social cognitive impairments have been developed during the last years. These programs differ significantly with regard to the conceptualization of the impairments and the required treatment strategies, i.e. whether the impairments are suggested to be represent cognitive “deficits” or cognitive “biases” requiring remediation vs. debiasing approaches. Moreover the programs differ with regard to the scope of cognitive subcomponents addressed, i.e. whether the program focuses on only one social cognitive subcomponent like affect recognition or whether several subcomponents are addressed in parallel. As the evaluation of such programs is still in an infant stage there is still debate about the most efficacious approach.This presentation will give an overview on social cognitive impairments and on respective treatment strategies, before the subsequent presentations will exemplify three treatment programs, which may help schizophrenia patients to overcome their impairments in social cognition and social functioning.

Persecutory delusions and the determination of self-relevance: an fMRI investigation

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. BLACKWOOD ◽  
R. P. BENTALL ◽  
D. H. FFYTCHE ◽  
A. SIMMONS ◽  
R. M. MURRAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Persecutory Delusions ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Ambiguous Data

Background. People with persecutory delusions regard ambiguous data in the social domain as self-relevant and selectively attend to threatening information. This study aimed to characterize these social cognitive biases in functional neuroanatomical terms.Method. Eight schizophrenic patients with active persecutory delusions and eight matched normal controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while determining the self-relevance of ambiguous self-relevant or unambiguous other-relevant neutral and threatening statements.Results. In determining self-relevance, the deluded subjects showed a marked absence of rostral–ventral anterior cingulate activation together with increased posterior cingulate gyrus activation in comparison to the normal subjects. The influence of threat on self-relevance determination did not yield statistically significant differences between deluded and normal subjects.Conclusions. Abnormalities of cingulate gyrus activation while determining self-relevance suggest impaired self-reflection in the persecutory deluded state. This may contribute to persecutory belief formation and maintenance.

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