Fatigue Characterization of Bituminous Binders Containing Crumb Rubber from End of Life Tires

ABSTRACT There are currently many well-established applications for recycled rubber from end-of-life tires (ELT), but it is essential to investigate and seek new approaches to enhance the value of these products. Recent developments in new technologies and innovative recycling and devulcanization processes have opened up new perspectives for ELT crumb rubber. To promote the use of these products in newly added value applications, it is essential to develop and optimize methods that allow the characterization of parameters related to the ultimate properties of potential final applications. In this respect, a novel characterization methodology based on advanced 1H double-quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance experiments has been applied for the first time to quantify the key parameters that characterize the structure of ELT crumb rubber after diverse recycling processes: from simple mechanical grinding to complex devulcanization methods. This experimental approach enables the quantification of parameters that define the network structure of rubber, such as the nonelastic network defects (sol fraction, dangling chain ends, loops), the cross-link density, and the heterogeneity of the network, directly from rubber granulate and powder (without any additional sample preparation steps), overcoming most of the drawbacks and uncertainties that limit the application of traditional rubber characterization methods (e.g., equilibrium swelling experiments). By applying this experimental approach, it is possible to identify and quantify the actual technical limits for a complete selective devulcanization process of ELT crumb rubber.

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Characterization of crumb rubber from end-of-life tyres for paving applications

Waste Management ◽

10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 161-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

M.C. Zanetti ◽

S. Fiore ◽

B. Ruffino ◽

E. Santagata ◽

D. Dalmazzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

End Of Life ◽

Crumb Rubber

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Mechanical characterization of an elastomer made from end-of-life tires for its application in indirect railway fastenings

Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering ◽

10.1007/s40430-021-03046-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Catalina Mondragon-Enguidanos ◽

Amparo Verdú-Vázquez ◽

Tomas Gil-López ◽

Jorge Gomez-Hoyos

Keyword(s):

End Of Life ◽

Mechanical Characterization

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Characterization of Carbonaceous Deposits on an End-of-Life Engines for Effective Cleaning for Remanufacturing

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020950 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 950

Author(s):

Xing Wang ◽

Jianfeng Li ◽

Xiujie Jia ◽

Mingliang Ma ◽

Yuan Ren

Keyword(s):

End Of Life ◽

Sustainable Manufacturing ◽

Hybrid Structure ◽

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study ◽

Carbonaceous Deposit ◽

X Ray ◽

Cleaning Method ◽

Carbonaceous Deposits ◽

Strong Adhesion

Remanufacturing is one of the most effective strategies to achieve sustainable manufacturing and restore the performance of end-of-life products. However, the lack of an effective cleaning method to clean carbonaceous deposits severely hampers the remanufacturing of end-of-life engines. To explore an appropriate cleaning method, it is necessary to first study the characterization of the carbonaceous deposits. A broad range of analyses including X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance study, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were performed to conduct an in-depth characterization of the carbonaceous deposits. The results showed that a hybrid structure composed of organics and inorganics is the most distinguishing feature of the carbonaceous deposit in end-of-life engines. The inorganics form the skeleton on which organics get attached, thereby resulting in a strong adhesion of the deposit and increasing the difficulty of cleaning. Therefore, a method in which several cleaning forces can be simultaneously applied is more suitable for the present purpose. Molten salt cleaning was chosen to verify the feasibility of this proposal. This method was shown to have the potential to effectively clean the carbonaceous deposit. This finding could contribute towards promoting the effective remanufacturing of end-of-life engines.

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Characterization of particle emissions and fate of nanomaterials during incineration

Environmental Science Nano ◽

10.1039/c3en00080j ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 133-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Eric P. Vejerano ◽

Elena C. Leon ◽

Amara L. Holder ◽

Linsey C. Marr

Keyword(s):

End Of Life ◽

Particle Emissions ◽

End Of Life Treatment

Incineration as end-of-life treatment for nanowaste has perhaps the greatest potential for transforming nanomaterials in the environment.

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Characterization of Polymer Waste Containing Nano-fillers Prior its End-of-Life Treatment

Waste and Biomass Valorization ◽

10.1007/s12649-016-9757-0 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 2463-2471 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dinh Trinh Tran ◽

Aurélie Joubert ◽

Danielle Venditti ◽

Sylvain Durecu ◽

Thierry Meunier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

End Of Life ◽

Polymer Waste ◽

End Of Life Treatment

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STANDARD INDICATORS OF MODIFIED BITUMENS

NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan ◽

10.32014/2020.2518-170x.120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (443) ◽

pp. 188-195

Author(s):

Zhurinov M.Zh., ◽

◽

Teltayev B.B., ◽

Rossi C.O., ◽

Amirbayev Ye.D., ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Softening Point ◽

Polyphosphoric Acid ◽

Crumb Rubber ◽

Petrochemical Plant ◽

Direct Oxidation ◽

Temperature Resistance ◽

Needle Penetration ◽

Technical Specifications ◽

Bituminous Binders

The main standard indicators (penetration at 25 °С, ductility at 25 °С, softening point, Fraas point) have been determined and analyzed in this work for bitumens of the grades BND 100-130, BND 130-200 and 21 modified bitumens. The neat bitumens of the grades BND 100-130 and BND 130-200 have been produced at Pavlodar petrochemical plant from the oil of Western Siberia (Russia) by method of direct oxidation and they satisfy the requirements of the standard of Kazakhstan ST RK 1373-2013 “Bitumens and bituminous binders. Oil road viscous bitumens. Technical specifications”. The polymers Elvaloy 4170, Elvaloy AM, Kraton, Calprene 501, Butonal NS 198, SBS (L30-01A), KUMHO, crumb rubber and polyphosphoric acid have been accepted as modifiers. The modification of the bitumens has been performed in the laboratory of Kazakhstan Highway Research Institute (KazdorNII). The manufactured modified bitumens satisfy the requirements of the standard of Kazakhstan ST RK 2534-2014 “Bitumens and bituminous binders. Oil modified road bitumens. Technical specifications”. The standard indicators of the neat and modified bitumens have been determined in the laboratory of KazdorNII according to the following standards of Kazakhstan; penetration at 25 °C - ST RK 1226-2003 “Oil bitumens and binder materials based on bitumen. Method for determination of needle penetration depth”; ductility at 25 °С - ST RK 1374-2005 “Bitumens and bituminous binders. Method for determination of ductility”; softening point - ST RK 1227-2003 ‘Bitumens and bituminous binders. Determination of softening point by ring and ball method”; Fraas point - ST RK 1229-2003 ‘Oil bitumens and bituminous binders. Method for determination of Fraas point”. It is found out that all the applied polymers and polyphosphoric acid when adding them to the bitumens decrease the penetration thereby changing the grade of the bitumens. After modification 43 % of the polymer bitumens convert to the next grade, 43 % change their grade for 2 units and 14 % have the grade more viscous for 3 units. All the considered polymers and polyphosphoric acid increase the softening point thereby improving the high temperature resistance of the bitumens. It is determined that at modification of the bitumens of the grades BND 100-130 and BND 130-200 the increase of the Fraas point is 32-45 % and 28-93 % respectively. Most (71 %) of the polymers and polyphosphoric acid increase the Fraas point (decrease the low temperature resistance). In four cases out of twenty-one (19 %) the modification does not practically vary the Fraas point. The positive effect has been obtained only in two cases (10 %) for the modification of the bitumen of the grade BND 130-200 - the decrease of the Fraas point. The increase of the ductility for the bitumens has been recorded only in three cases (14 %) for their modification. In four cases (19 %) the initial ductility remains constant. In other cases (67 %) the ductility of the bitumens is decreased from 26 % to 86 %.

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