scholarly journals Organization of Multisynaptic Inputs from Prefrontal Cortex to Primary Motor Cortex as Revealed by Retrograde Transneuronal Transport of Rabies Virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2547-2556 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Miyachi
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Transneuronal Transport

scholarly journals Multisynaptic projections from the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to hand and mouth representations of the monkey primary motor cortex

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehiro Miyachi ◽  
Yoshihiro Hirata ◽  
Ken-ichi Inoue ◽  
Xiaofeng Lu ◽  
Atsushi Nambu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

scholarly journals Using Dual-Site Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Connectivity between the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex in Humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt J.N. Brown ◽  
Elana R. Goldenkoff ◽  
Robert Chen ◽  
Carolyn Gunraj ◽  
Michael Vesia
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Conditioning Stimulus ◽  
Resting Motor Threshold ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Dual Site

Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can be used to probe functional connectivity between these regions. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of DLPFC stimulation on ipsilateral M1 excitability while participants were at rest and contracting the left- and right-hand first dorsal interosseous muscle. Twelve participants were tested in two separate sessions at varying inter-stimulus intervals (ISI: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, and 20 ms) at two different conditioning stimulus intensities (80% and 120% of resting motor threshold). No significant effect on ipsilateral M1 excitability was found when applying a conditioning stimulus over DLPFC at any specific inter-stimulus interval or intensity in either the left or right hemisphere. Our findings suggest neither causal inhibitory nor faciliatory influences of DLPFC on ipsilateral M1 activity while participants were at rest or when performing an isometric contraction in the target hand muscle.

scholarly journals Differential effects of left and right prefrontal cortex anodal transcranial direct current stimulation during probabilistic sequence learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1906-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Greeley ◽  
Rachael D. Seidler
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Prefrontal Cortices

Left and right prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex (M1) are activated during learning of motor sequences. Previous literature is mixed on whether prefrontal cortex aids or interferes with sequence learning. The present study investigated the roles of prefrontal cortices and M1 in sequence learning. Participants received anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to right or left prefrontal cortex or left M1 during a probabilistic sequence learning task. Relative to sham, the left prefrontal cortex and M1 tDCS groups exhibited enhanced learning evidenced by shorter response times for pattern trials, but only for individuals who did not gain explicit awareness of the sequence (implicit). Right prefrontal cortex stimulation in participants who did not gain explicit sequence awareness resulted in learning disadvantages evidenced by slower overall response times for pattern trials. These findings indicate that stimulation to left prefrontal cortex or M1 can lead to sequence learning benefits under implicit conditions. In contrast, right prefrontal cortex tDCS had negative effects on sequence learning, with overall impaired reaction time for implicit learners. There was no effect of tDCS on accuracy, and thus our reaction time findings cannot be explained by a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Overall, our findings suggest complex and hemisphere-specific roles of left and right prefrontal cortices in sequence learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prefrontal cortices are engaged in motor sequence learning, but the literature is mixed on whether the prefrontal cortices aid or interfere with learning. In the current study, we used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to target left or right prefrontal cortex or left primary motor cortex while participants performed a probabilistic sequence learning task. We found that left prefrontal and motor cortex stimulation enhanced implicit learning whereas right prefrontal stimulation negatively impacted performance.

scholarly journals Multiple areas of the cerebral cortex influence the stomach

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (23) ◽  
pp. 13078-13083 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Levinthal ◽  
Peter L. Strick
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
Transneuronal Transport ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Connection

The central nervous system both influences and is influenced by the gastrointestinal system. Most research on this gut–brain connection has focused on how ascending signals from the gut and its microbiome alter brain function. Less attention has focused on how descending signals from the central nervous system alter gut function. Here, we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify the cortical areas that most directly influence parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the rat stomach. Cortical neurons that influence parasympathetic output to the stomach originated from the rostral insula and portions of medial prefrontal cortex, regions that are associated with interoception and emotional control. In contrast, cortical neurons that influence sympathetic output to the stomach originated overwhelmingly from the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and secondary motor cortex, regions that are linked to skeletomotor control and action. Clearly, the two limbs of autonomic control over the stomach are influenced by distinct cortical networks.

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