Toward New Cinematic Foundations

2018 ◽  
pp. 242-246
Author(s):  
Maite Conde

Adalberto Kemeny and Rodolfo Lustig’s dependency on São Paulo’s industrial and political elite to produce São Paulo, Symphony of a Metropolis was not exceptional. By the late 1920s American films occupied 80 percent of the Brazilian market, leaving little space for local production. Without full access to the domestic market, producers could not achieve adequate returns on their investments, and consequently the process of capital accumulation within the industry was stifled, as was production. Even the temporary disruption of the coming of sound did not end Hollywood’s ubiquity in Brazil. In fact, the arrival of the talkies further entrenched US cinema’s presence. The high costs of acquiring synchronized equipment meant that local investment lagged behind Hollywood and allowed the North American industry to maintain its hegemony. By the early 1930s, North American dubbing and subtitling techniques had proved popular among Brazilian audiences, and Hollywood increased its presence in the country. In the face of North America’s dominance, domestic production was unstable and unprofitable, and local producers were mostly unable to attain a sufficient return on their investments to allow them to develop on a larger scale. ...

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Bains

The European biotechnology industry receives less funding, and less funding per company, than the North American industry, especially at the sensitive early stages of company development, and the European industry is substantially smaller in terms of employment, products and capitalisation than the US industry. The cause and effect of this relationship are explored in this paper. It is shown that if the European industry is immature it is because its growth has been slower, most probably because of low investment levels, and that the relatively lower value of biotech companies at initial public offering (IPO) is a result of the lower amount of investment they receive, not a reason for. This suggests that poor investment levels are a primary cause of the small size of European biotech companies and the European industry as a whole, not an effect of it. Investor mistrust and investment mechanisms are plausible reasons for this under-investment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-212
Author(s):  
Asaf Almog

The New England based, conservative periodical North American Review published two reviews of Haiti, in 1821 and 1829. The reviews were starkly different in content and tone. This essay contextualizes the two reviews, using them as a mirror for the transformation of New England's political elite and its acceptance of the emerging racialist tenets of American nationalism. The essay thus sheds light on our understanding of antebellum nationalism and its nature.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Francis Mary Guimarães Nogueira ◽  
Bruna da Silva Alves

A morte de Chávez, em 2013, impactou na continuidade e manutenção do projeto societário bolivariano. Prenunciou-se, desde então, um novo contexto político-econômico, no qual o atual presidente Nicolás Maduro vem enfrentando ataques estratégicos do imperialismo estadunidense. Diante desse cenário, este artigo, de cunho bibliográfico e documental, pretende observar o impacto e os desdobramentos de algumas ações da chamada “guerra econômica” no acesso à educação básica da Venezuela. Para isso, na primeira seção, apresenta-se brevemente a trajetória histórica e legal de implementação e avanço do sistema educativo bolivariano, com recorte para o programa nacional denominado de Misiones Educativas Bolivarianas, que alavancou os índices de acesso à educação durante os governos Chávez. Em seguida, aborda-se, sumariamente, a conjuntura venezuelana no período pós-Chávez, com o intuito de entender como os aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, referentes ao acesso e permanência na educação básica, foram impactados a partir da penetração e interferência norte-americana na estrutura político-social e econômica venezuelana. Apesar de o governo de Nicolás Maduro ter buscado medidas de enfrentamento aos ataques norte-americanos para atenuar as consequências do embargo econômico, a educação básica já apresenta sinais de que tem sido afetada, vertiginosamente, em um curto período de tempo.Palavras-chave: Educação básica. Acesso e permanência. “Guerra econômica” na Venezuela.Elementary education in Venezuela post-Chavez era: access and stay in the context of the so-called “economic war” (2014-2018)ABSTRACTChávez’s death, in 2013, impacted on the continuity and maintenance of the Bolivarian society project.  Since then, a new political-economic context was predicted, in which the current president Nicolás Maduro has been facing strategic attacks from the US imperialism. In the face of this scenario, this article, which is a bibliographic and documentary one, intends to observe the impact and the developments of some actions of the so-called “economic war” in the access to elementary education in Venezuela. In order to that, in the first section, we are going to briefly focus on the legal and historical trajectory of the implementation and the advance of the Bolivarian education system, with emphasis on the national program called Misiones Educativas Bolivarianas, which rose the rates of the access to education during Chávez’s presidency. Next, we are going to approach, succinctly, the Venezuelan context in the post-Chávez era, with the objective of understanding how the qualitative and quantitative aspects, referring to the access and stay in elementary education, were impacted as of the North American entry and interference in the Venezuelan economic and social-political structure. Besides Nicolás Maduro’s presidency searched for confrontation measures to the North American attacks to mitigate the consequences of the economic sanctions, the elementary education already presents signs that has been affected, vertiginously, in a short period of time.Keywords: Elementary education. Access and stay. “Economic war” in Venezuela.Educación básica en Venezuela después-Chavéz: acceso y permanencia en el contexto de la llamada "guerra económica" (2014-2018)RESUMENLa muerte de Chávez, en 2013, impactó la continuidad y el mantenimiento del proyecto corporativo bolivariano. Desde entonces, se ha anunciado un nuevo contexto político-económico, en el que el actual presidente Nicolás Maduro, ha estado enfrentando ataques estratégicos del imperialismo estadounidense. Por el escenario, este artículo, de naturaleza bibliográfica y documental, pretende observar el impacto y los desarrollos de algunas acciones de la llamada "guerra económica" en el acceso a la educación básica en Venezuela. Con esto propósito, en la primera sección, se presenta brevemente la trayectoria histórica y legal de la implementación y el avance del sistema educativo bolivariano, con un enfoque en el programa nacional llamado Misiones Educativas Bolivarianas, que tuvo apalancados los índices de acceso de la educación durante los gobiernos de Chávez. En seguida, se abordará brevemente la situación venezolana en el período posterior a Chávez, con objetivo de comprender cómo los aspectos cualitativos y cuantitativos, relacionados con el acceso y la permanencia en la educación básica, se vieron afectados por la penetración e interferencia norteamericana en la estructura político-social y económica venezolana. A pesar de que el gobierno de Nicolás Maduro buscó medidas para combatir los ataques norteamericanos para ablandar las consecuencias del embargo económico, la educación básica ya muestra signos de que ha sido afectada, dramáticamente, en un corto período de tiempo.Palabras clave: Educación básica. Acceso y permanencia. "Guerra económica" en Venezuela.


Author(s):  
Stephen Conway

This chapter examines the ways in which, and the reasons why, British governments sought to facilitate what they regarded as benign forms of European penetration of the empire. Ministers successfully piloted through Parliament legislation designed to encourage foreign sailors to serve on British merchant ships in wartime. British governments, the Westminster Parliament, and colonial governors and their assemblies offered a range of incentives to encourage Europeans to migrate to the North American colonies. And the crown, ministers, and their agents negotiated inter-state agreements to enable regiments of German soldiers to be deployed for service in North America and India. The British state’s willingness to use continental European resources is not simply exemplified; the chapter also attempts to explain why, sometimes in the face of significant public opposition, ministers, officials, and other state servants encouraged and facilitated the deployment of foreign human capital in the empire.


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