A educação básica na Venezuela pós-Chavéz: acesso e permanência no contexto da chamada “guerra econômica” (2014-2018)

A morte de Chávez, em 2013, impactou na continuidade e manutenção do projeto societário bolivariano. Prenunciou-se, desde então, um novo contexto político-econômico, no qual o atual presidente Nicolás Maduro vem enfrentando ataques estratégicos do imperialismo estadunidense. Diante desse cenário, este artigo, de cunho bibliográfico e documental, pretende observar o impacto e os desdobramentos de algumas ações da chamada “guerra econômica” no acesso à educação básica da Venezuela. Para isso, na primeira seção, apresenta-se brevemente a trajetória histórica e legal de implementação e avanço do sistema educativo bolivariano, com recorte para o programa nacional denominado de Misiones Educativas Bolivarianas, que alavancou os índices de acesso à educação durante os governos Chávez. Em seguida, aborda-se, sumariamente, a conjuntura venezuelana no período pós-Chávez, com o intuito de entender como os aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, referentes ao acesso e permanência na educação básica, foram impactados a partir da penetração e interferência norte-americana na estrutura político-social e econômica venezuelana. Apesar de o governo de Nicolás Maduro ter buscado medidas de enfrentamento aos ataques norte-americanos para atenuar as consequências do embargo econômico, a educação básica já apresenta sinais de que tem sido afetada, vertiginosamente, em um curto período de tempo.Palavras-chave: Educação básica. Acesso e permanência. “Guerra econômica” na Venezuela.Elementary education in Venezuela post-Chavez era: access and stay in the context of the so-called “economic war” (2014-2018)ABSTRACTChávez’s death, in 2013, impacted on the continuity and maintenance of the Bolivarian society project. Since then, a new political-economic context was predicted, in which the current president Nicolás Maduro has been facing strategic attacks from the US imperialism. In the face of this scenario, this article, which is a bibliographic and documentary one, intends to observe the impact and the developments of some actions of the so-called “economic war” in the access to elementary education in Venezuela. In order to that, in the first section, we are going to briefly focus on the legal and historical trajectory of the implementation and the advance of the Bolivarian education system, with emphasis on the national program called Misiones Educativas Bolivarianas, which rose the rates of the access to education during Chávez’s presidency. Next, we are going to approach, succinctly, the Venezuelan context in the post-Chávez era, with the objective of understanding how the qualitative and quantitative aspects, referring to the access and stay in elementary education, were impacted as of the North American entry and interference in the Venezuelan economic and social-political structure. Besides Nicolás Maduro’s presidency searched for confrontation measures to the North American attacks to mitigate the consequences of the economic sanctions, the elementary education already presents signs that has been affected, vertiginously, in a short period of time.Keywords: Elementary education. Access and stay. “Economic war” in Venezuela.Educación básica en Venezuela después-Chavéz: acceso y permanencia en el contexto de la llamada "guerra económica" (2014-2018)RESUMENLa muerte de Chávez, en 2013, impactó la continuidad y el mantenimiento del proyecto corporativo bolivariano. Desde entonces, se ha anunciado un nuevo contexto político-económico, en el que el actual presidente Nicolás Maduro, ha estado enfrentando ataques estratégicos del imperialismo estadounidense. Por el escenario, este artículo, de naturaleza bibliográfica y documental, pretende observar el impacto y los desarrollos de algunas acciones de la llamada "guerra económica" en el acceso a la educación básica en Venezuela. Con esto propósito, en la primera sección, se presenta brevemente la trayectoria histórica y legal de la implementación y el avance del sistema educativo bolivariano, con un enfoque en el programa nacional llamado Misiones Educativas Bolivarianas, que tuvo apalancados los índices de acceso de la educación durante los gobiernos de Chávez. En seguida, se abordará brevemente la situación venezolana en el período posterior a Chávez, con objetivo de comprender cómo los aspectos cualitativos y cuantitativos, relacionados con el acceso y la permanencia en la educación básica, se vieron afectados por la penetración e interferencia norteamericana en la estructura político-social y económica venezolana. A pesar de que el gobierno de Nicolás Maduro buscó medidas para combatir los ataques norteamericanos para ablandar las consecuencias del embargo económico, la educación básica ya muestra signos de que ha sido afectada, dramáticamente, en un corto período de tiempo.Palabras clave: Educación básica. Acceso y permanencia. "Guerra económica" en Venezuela.

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Interdependance, linkage et système international : de l'analyse conceptuelle aux problèmes de politique étrangère

Études internationales ◽

10.7202/702166ar ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 329-352

Author(s):

Irnerio Seminatore

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

International Relations ◽

International System ◽

Political Context ◽

International Policy ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The North ◽

Interdependence Theory ◽

The Face ◽

The Impact

The emergence and evolution of the literature dealing with interdependence in the international System is looked into. An attempt is made to show its significance and main points as well as its implications. The debates on interdependence within the North-American political context are regarded as solutions to the preceding issues on dependence. Interesting passages are dedicated to the impact of the interdependence theory on the interpretation of the international system, as illustrated by two schools of thought in foreign policy (Kissinger-Brzezinski). Linkage of the tactical and strategic aspects to the economic and political interrelation of international relations, as put forward by policy makers, has brought to the fore the difficulties and limits of negotiation in the face of competition and in the aftermath of confrontation. This paper offers subtle, yet positive, conclusions on the use of the interdependance theory in international policy.

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Impacts of Large-Scale Circulation on Urban Ambient Concentrations of Gaseous Elemental Mercury in New York, USA

10.5194/acp-2017-176 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Huiting Mao ◽

Dolly Hall ◽

Zhuyun Ye ◽

Ying Zhou ◽

Dirk Felton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

North American ◽

Large Scale ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Elemental Mercury ◽

Urban Site ◽

Large Scale Circulation ◽

Gaseous Elemental Mercury ◽

The North ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The impact of large-scale circulation on urban gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was investigated through analysis of 2008–2015 measurement data from an urban site in New York City (NYC), New York, USA. Distinct annual cycles were observed in 2009–2010 with mixing ratios in warm seasons (i.e. spring–summer) 10–20 ppqv (~ 10 %–25 %) higher than in cool seasons (i.e. fall–winter). This annual cycle was disrupted in 2011 by an anomalously strong influence of the North American trough in that warm season and was reproduced in 2014 with annual amplitude enhanced up to ~ 70 ppqv associated with a particularly strong Bermuda High. North American trough axis index (TAI) and intensity index (TII) were used to characterize the effect of the North American trough on NYC GEM especially in winter and summer. The intensity and position of the Bermuda High had a significant impact on GEM in warm seasons supported by a strong correlation (r reaching 0.96, p

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Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N2) and A(H5N8) Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 from North America Have Limited Capacity for Replication and Transmission in Mammals

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00003-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Bryan S. Kaplan ◽

Marion Russier ◽

Trushar Jeevan ◽

Bindumadhav Marathe ◽

Elena A. Govorkova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

North American ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

The North ◽

Domestic Poultry ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses have been introduced into North America from Asia, causing extensive morbidity and mortality in domestic poultry. The introduced viruses have reassorted with North American avian influenza viruses, generating viral genotypes not seen on other continents. The experiments and analyses presented here were designed to assess the impact of this genetic diversification on viral phenotypes, particularly as regards mammalian hosts, by comparing the North American viruses with their Eurasian precursor viruses. Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4 were introduced to North America by migratory birds in the fall of 2014. Reassortment of A(H5N8) viruses with avian viruses of North American lineage resulted in the generation of novel A(H5N2) viruses with novel genotypes. Through sequencing of recent avian influenza viruses, we identified PB1 and NP gene segments very similar to those in the viruses isolated from North American waterfowl prior to the introduction of A(H5N8) to North America, highlighting these bird species in the origin of reassortant A(H5N2) viruses. While they were highly virulent and transmissible in poultry, we found A(H5N2) viruses to be low pathogenic in mice and ferrets, and replication was limited in both hosts compared with those of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin protein from A(H5N2) viruses showed that the receptor binding preference, cleavage, and pH of activation were highly adapted for replication in avian species and similar to those of other 2.3.4.4 viruses. In addition, North American and Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses replicated to significantly lower titers in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells than did seasonal human A(H1N1) and highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses isolated from a human case. Thus, despite their having a high impact on poultry, our findings suggest that the recently emerging North American A(H5N2) viruses are not expected to pose a substantial threat to humans and other mammals without further reassortment and/or adaptation and that reassortment with North American viruses has not had a major impact on viral phenotype. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses have been introduced into North America from Asia, causing extensive morbidity and mortality in domestic poultry. The introduced viruses have reassorted with North American avian influenza viruses, generating viral genotypes not seen on other continents. The experiments and analyses presented here were designed to assess the impact of this genetic diversification on viral phenotypes, particularly as regards mammalian hosts, by comparing the North American viruses with their Eurasian precursor viruses.

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Characterization, distribution, biology and impact on Italian walnut orchards of the invasive North-American leafminer Coptodisca lucifluella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485314000947 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 105 (2) ◽

pp. 210-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

U. Bernardo ◽

E.J. van Nieukerken ◽

R. Sasso ◽

M. Gebiola ◽

L. Gualtieri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Plant Family ◽

The North ◽

C Subunit ◽

High Larval Mortality ◽

New Synonymy ◽

The Impact ◽

First Time ◽

Common Walnut

AbstractThe leafminer Coptodisca sp. (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), recently recorded for the first time in Europe on Italian black and common walnut trees, is shown to be the North-American Coptodisca lucifluella (Clemens) based on morphological (forewing pattern) and molecular (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I sequence) evidence. The phylogenetic relatedness of three species feeding on Juglandaceae suggests that C. lucifluella has likely shifted, within the same host plant family, from its original North-American hosts Carya spp. to Juglans spp. Over the few years since its detection, it has established in many regions in Italy and has become a widespread and dominant invasive species. The leafminer completes three to four generations per year, with the first adults emerging in April–May and mature larvae of the last generation starting hibernation in September–October. Although a high larval mortality was recorded in field observations (up to 74%), the impact of the pest was substantial with all leaves infested at the end of the last generation in all 3 years tested. The distribution of the leafminer in the canopy was homogeneous. The species is redescribed and illustrated, a lectotype is designated and a new synonymy is established.

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The Impact of the Redefinition on the Surveying Community

The Canadian Surveyor ◽

10.1139/tcs-1974-0123 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 739-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joseph F. Dracup

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Expected Time ◽

The North ◽

Opportune Time ◽

The Impact

By adopting an earth mass centered ellipsoid for the redefinition of the North American Datum, the greatest impact will be felt primarily by the cartographic community and, to a somewhat lesser degree, in those areas where integrated survey systems have been established. Boundary demarcation problems may arise, but it is expected time honored legal acceptances will prevail. Since multipurpose use of the Datum is increasing, this seems the most opportune time to make the new adjustment, prior to reaching that period where reluctance to any change would be more universal.

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Effect of Liberalized U.S.-Mexico Dry Onion Trade: A Spatial and Intertemporal Equilibrium Analysis

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s1074070800009561 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 135-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephen Fuller ◽

Melanie Gillis ◽

Houshmand A. Ziari

Keyword(s):

Free Trade ◽

North American ◽

Equilibrium Model ◽

Equilibrium Analysis ◽

Farm Level ◽

The North ◽

Storage Methods ◽

Intertemporal Equilibrium ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S

AbstractA spatial, intertemporal equilibrium model of the North American dry onion economy is constructed to analyze the impact of liberalized U.S.-Mexico trade. In a free-trade environment, exports of Mexican onions to the U.S. are projected to increase about 50%, while Mexico's share of the U.S. market increases from 8.7 to 12.8%. Farm-level prices in the U.S. are projected to decline 8.9%, while production declines 2.4%. The effect of free trade on U.S. producers is disproportional across regions. Northwest storage onion producers experience the greatest decline in production; however, analysis suggests that improved storage methods may offset a portion of the unfavorable impacts of liberalized trade on these producers. In spite of the unfavorable impact of free trade on U.S. dry onion producers, the industry would not be economically devastated.

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Crayfish plague affects juvenile survival and adult behaviour of invasive signal crayfish

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182020000165 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 147 (6) ◽

pp. 706-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Rhidian Thomas ◽

Chloe V. Robinson ◽

Agata Mrugała ◽

Amy R. Ellison ◽

Emily Matthews ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Native Species ◽

North American Species ◽

Juvenile Survival ◽

Signal Crayfish ◽

Aphanomyces Astaci ◽

The North ◽

High Infection ◽

Oomycete Pathogen ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe spread of invasive, non-native species is a key threat to biodiversity. Parasites can play a significant role by influencing their invasive host's survival or behaviour, which can subsequently alter invasion dynamics. The North American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a known carrier of Aphanomyces astaci, an oomycete pathogen that is the causative agent of crayfish plague and fatal to European crayfish species, whereas North American species are considered to be largely resistant. There is some evidence, however, that North American species, can also succumb to crayfish plague, though how A. astaci affects such ‘reservoir hosts’ is rarely considered. Here, we tested the impact of A. astaci infection on signal crayfish, by assessing juvenile survival and adult behaviour following exposure to A. astaci zoospores. Juvenile signal crayfish suffered high mortality 4-weeks post-hatching, but not as older juveniles. Furthermore, adult signal crayfish with high-infection levels displayed altered behaviours, being less likely to leave the water, explore terrestrial areas and exhibit escape responses. Overall, we reveal that A. astaci infection affects signal crayfish to a much greater extent than previously considered, which may not only have direct consequences for invasions, but could substantially affect commercially harvested signal crayfish stocks worldwide.

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Distributed Hydrologic Modeling in Northwest Mexico Reveals the Links between Runoff Mechanisms and Evapotranspiration

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/jhm-d-11-0112.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 785-807 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Agustín Robles-Morua ◽

Enrique R. Vivoni ◽

Alex S. Mayer

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Land Surface ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Hydrologic Model ◽

Runoff Generation ◽

Limited Region ◽

The North ◽

Wide Range ◽

Infiltration Excess ◽

The Impact

Abstract A distributed hydrologic model is used to evaluate how runoff mechanisms—including infiltration excess (RI), saturation excess (RS), and groundwater exfiltration (RG)—influence the generation of streamflow and evapotranspiration (ET) in a mountainous region under the influence of the North American monsoon (NAM). The study site, the upper Sonora River basin (~9350 km2) in Mexico, is characterized by a wide range of terrain, soil, and ecosystem conditions obtained from best available data sources. Three meteorological scenarios are compared to explore the impact of spatial and temporal variations of meteorological characteristics on land surface processes and to identify the value of North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) forcing products in the NAM region. The following scenarios are considered for a 1-yr period: 1) a sparse network of ground-based stations, 2) raw forcing products from NLDAS, and 3) NLDAS products adjusted using available station data. These scenarios are discussed in light of spatial distributions of precipitation, streamflow, and runoff mechanisms during annual, seasonal, and monthly periods. This study identified that the mode of runoff generation impacts seasonal relations between ET and soil moisture in the water-limited region. In addition, ET rates at annual and seasonal scales were related to the runoff mechanism proportions, with an increase in ET when RS was dominant and a decrease in ET when RI was more important. The partitioning of runoff mechanisms also helps explain the monthly progression of runoff ratios in these seasonally wet hydrologic systems. Understanding the complex interplay between seasonal responses of runoff mechanisms and evapotranspiration can yield information that is of interest to hydrologists and water managers.

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