Arrival in Lisbon and First Encounters

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Status ◽  
Crown Prince

This chapter discusses the first several weeks of the Vietnamese delegations time in Lisbon. It describes their use of deliberately exotic gowns to attract the attention of the court and the ruler, a strategy that proves very effective. The chapter describes the deliberations about where to house the men, and the final decision to place them in the Necessidades Convent of the Oratorian congregation. The chapter then briefly gives a background on the Oratorians as well as the status of Catholicism in late eighteenth-century Portugal. It then introduces the Portuguese royal family, Binh’s potential patrons, and in particular the ruler, Dom João. It points out the numerous weaknesses of the Portuguese court and its ruler, crippled by an indecisive personality, and a precarious political position cause by his serving as regent to the Queen, who recently plunged into madness. Her insanity had been caused by the sudden death of her eldest son, which had thrust the unprepared Dom João into the position of crown prince. It concludes by discussing the first formal audience given to the Vietnamese delegation, when the met the prince and his wife at his Queluz palace, presented their gifts, and briefly described the nature of their mission.

The Gothic as a Theory of Symbolic Exchange

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-219
Author(s):  
David Collings
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Sexual Transgression ◽  
The Status ◽  
Symbolic Exchange ◽  
Active Individual ◽  
Cultural Shifts

Inheriting longstanding norms that require reciprocation between the living and the dead, the Gothic interprets the cultural shifts of the late eighteenth century as a breach in such reciprocation, a breach that it hopes to address through its own account of symbolic exchange. In a wide range of scenarios - ghost tales, stories of sexual transgression, accounts of unborn and undead figures - it proposes that a body, a corpse, or a sexually active individual is inexplicable, out of place, haunting, until it receives the status of human being through a symbolic act. In some tales, it even provides counterfactual narratives of interchanges with supernatural figures - Satan, Dracula - to conceive of how symbolic exchange with the inhuman might cut across, replicate, or disturb human reciprocation. The Gothic thus attempts to redress the conditions of a certain modernity by calling upon -- and theorizing -- the fundamental imperatives of symbolic exchange.

scholarly journals The Paradox of Kant’s Transcendental Subject in German Philosophy in the Late Eighteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
M. V. Rouba
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Transcendental Object ◽  
Subject Of Cognition ◽  
Relationship Of

The study of the “first wave” of reactions to the Critique of Pure Reason in Germany from the second half of the 1780s until the beginning of the nineteenth century reveals the paradoxical status of the Kantian transcendental subject. While the existence of the transcendental subject, whatever the term means, is not open to question since it arises from the very essence of critical philosophy, the fundamental status of the subject is sometimes questioned in this period. Although the meaning of the concept of transcendental subject seems obvious today (the subject of cognition, bearer of transcendental conditions of experience) it lends itself to various interpretations in the late eighteenth century. To achieve my goal I have undertaken a textological analysis of the works of the earliest opponents and followers of the Kantian critique and a reconstruction of the conceptual field in the midst of which the transcendental subject has been planted. Among others I draw on the works of J. S. Beck, J. A. Eberhard, J. G. Hamann, F. H. Jacobi, S. Maimon, K. L. Reinhold, G. E. Schulze and A. Weishaupt. The authors of the period are grouped depending on the common themes and questions that prompted them to turn to the concept of the transcendental subject, even though the results of their reflections did not always coincide. These authors think of the transcendental subject in its relationship to the transcendental object, or as “something = х”, and in terms of the relationship of representation to the object. It is characterised sometimes as something absolutely hollow, and sometimes as the fullness of true reality. The status ascribed to the transcendental subject is sometimes that of a thing-in-itself and sometimes that of a “mere” idea. Finally, Kant’s transcendental subject was sometimes seen as something to be overcome and sometimes as an infinite challenge to understanding.

scholarly journals La creación de los Vales Reales = The creation of the Vales Reales

2016 ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Pedro Damián Cano Borrego
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Carlos Iii

<p>A<strong> </strong>finales del siglo XVIII la Monarquía adolecía de graves problemas económicos, derivados del estado permanente de guerra en el que se hallaba sumido el Reino, que impedía la arribada de remesas de metales preciosos y suponía unos ingentes gastos, lo que llevó a que a finales del reinado de Carlos III se creasen los Vales Reales, a modo de deuda pública. Por sus características, fueron desde el principio títulos de renta, amortizables en plazos más o menos grandes, dependiendo de las cláusulas que regían sus emisiones en un principio y más tarde de la situación del Tesoro Público.</p><p>In the late eighteenth century the Spanish monarchy had serious economic problems arising from the permanent state of war in which they had sunk the Kingdom, which prevented the arrival of remittances of precious metals and assumed a heavy expenses, which led to the end the reign of Carlos III the creation of the <em>Vales Reales</em>, a kind of public debt. By their nature, they were from the beginning income securities, redeemable in larger or smaller periods, depending on the terms governing their emissions at first and later on the status of Treasury</p>

Charles Rennett and the London Music-Sellers in the 1780s: Testing the Ownership of Reversionary Copyrights

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Mace
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
New Information ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Status ◽  
Printed Music

As printed music became a valuable market commodity in late eighteenth-century England, it became a significant part of debates over the interpretation of the first copyright law (1710). In particular, compositions by Charles Dibdin and John Garth became the focus of several lawsuits filed by the attorney Charles Rennett challenging the traditional interpretation of the clause that granted composers a second 14 years of protection after the first had expired. These suits detail the status of music as intellectual property and offer new information about the businesses of major music-sellers like Longman & Broderip, the Thompsons and John Welcker.

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